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List Of Tables17................................................................................................................................................................ List Of Figures19................................................................................................................................................................ Introduction25................................................................................................................................................................ Device Features27................................................................................................................................................................ Printing-system Software30................................................................................................................................................................ System Requirements30................................................................................................................................................................ Operating-system Support30................................................................................................................................................................ Windows30................................................................................................................................................................ Linux30................................................................................................................................................................ Unix30................................................................................................................................................................ Print Drivers31................................................................................................................................................................ Print Driver Support In Other Operating Systems31................................................................................................................................................................ Availability32................................................................................................................................................................ Printing-system Software On The Web33................................................................................................................................................................ In-box Printing-system Software Cds33................................................................................................................................................................ Windows Partition34................................................................................................................................................................ Cd Versions34................................................................................................................................................................ Hp Laserjet Documentation39................................................................................................................................................................ Hp Laserjet P3005 User Guide40................................................................................................................................................................ Hewlett-packard Laserjet P3005 Series Printing-system Install Notes41................................................................................................................................................................ Hp Embedded Web Server User Guide41................................................................................................................................................................ Hp Jetdirect Administrator's Guide42................................................................................................................................................................ Software Description Introduction43................................................................................................................................................................ Ms Windows Printing-system Software44................................................................................................................................................................ Printing System And Installer44................................................................................................................................................................ Hp Laserjet P3005 Printing-system Software Cd For Ms Windows Systems44................................................................................................................................................................ Installer Features46................................................................................................................................................................ Hp Laserjet Print Drivers47................................................................................................................................................................ Hp Pcl 6, Pcl 5, And Ps Emulation Drivers48................................................................................................................................................................ Select The Best Print Driver48................................................................................................................................................................ Complete Laserjet Printing System49................................................................................................................................................................ Hp Pcl 6 Unidriver49................................................................................................................................................................ Hp Pcl 5 Unidriver49................................................................................................................................................................ Ps Emulation Unidriver49................................................................................................................................................................ Hp Universal Print Driver (upd)49................................................................................................................................................................ Print-driver Version Numbers For Ms Windows Operating Systems50................................................................................................................................................................ Ms Windows Driver Configuration52................................................................................................................................................................ Driver Autoconfiguration52................................................................................................................................................................ Bidirectional Communication52................................................................................................................................................................ Enterprise Autoconfiguration53................................................................................................................................................................ Update Now54................................................................................................................................................................ Hp Driver Preconfiguration55................................................................................................................................................................ Lockable Features57................................................................................................................................................................ Continuous Export57................................................................................................................................................................ Hp Driver Diagnostic Printer Check Tool59................................................................................................................................................................ Hp Easy Printer Care60................................................................................................................................................................ Hp Embedded Web Server61................................................................................................................................................................ Access To The Hp Ews61................................................................................................................................................................ The Hp Ews Frame62................................................................................................................................................................ Information Tab62................................................................................................................................................................ Links To Off-product Solutions63................................................................................................................................................................ Device Status Screen63................................................................................................................................................................ Configuration64................................................................................................................................................................ Settings Tab65................................................................................................................................................................ Configure Device65................................................................................................................................................................ Alerts66................................................................................................................................................................ Security68................................................................................................................................................................ Networking Tab68................................................................................................................................................................ Security Section70................................................................................................................................................................ Diagnostics Section70................................................................................................................................................................ Hp Web Jetadmin71................................................................................................................................................................ Font Support74................................................................................................................................................................ Basic Fonts74................................................................................................................................................................ Default Fonts74................................................................................................................................................................ Print-driver Installation Instructions80................................................................................................................................................................ General Ms Windows Installation Instructions80................................................................................................................................................................ Install From The Printing-system Cd80................................................................................................................................................................ Install From A Network Or From Downloaded Files81................................................................................................................................................................ Detailed Ms Windows Install Instructions81................................................................................................................................................................ Help, Back, Next, And Cancel Buttons81................................................................................................................................................................ Modify A Pre-existing Installation82................................................................................................................................................................ Direct-connect Installation Through A Usb Or Parallel Port83................................................................................................................................................................ Basic, Full, And Custom Installation Dialog Box Sequence83................................................................................................................................................................ Install Print Drivers By Using Add Printer109................................................................................................................................................................ Installer Customization Wizard For Windows110................................................................................................................................................................ Run The Installer Customization Wizard111................................................................................................................................................................ Dialog Boxes111................................................................................................................................................................ Distribution128................................................................................................................................................................ Point And Print Installation For Windows 98 Se, Windows Me, Windows129................................................................................................................................................................ Windows Xp, And Windows Server 2003129................................................................................................................................................................ Set A Default Printer130................................................................................................................................................................ Access To Print Drivers In Windows 98 Se And Windows Me133................................................................................................................................................................ Device Control Panel133................................................................................................................................................................ Software-program Print-dialog Box133................................................................................................................................................................ Print-driver User Interface133................................................................................................................................................................ Help System135................................................................................................................................................................ What's This? Help135................................................................................................................................................................ Context-sensitive Help135................................................................................................................................................................ Incompatible Options Messages135................................................................................................................................................................ Bubble Help136................................................................................................................................................................ Finishing Tab Features138................................................................................................................................................................ Print Task Quick Sets139................................................................................................................................................................ Default Print Settings139................................................................................................................................................................ User Guide Print Settings142................................................................................................................................................................ Document Options142................................................................................................................................................................ Correct Order For Rear Bin142................................................................................................................................................................ Print On Both Sides143................................................................................................................................................................ Automatically Print On Both Sides144................................................................................................................................................................ Manually Printing On Both Sides144................................................................................................................................................................ Flip Pages Up146................................................................................................................................................................ Booklet Printing147................................................................................................................................................................ Book And Booklet Printing147................................................................................................................................................................ Pages Per Sheet148................................................................................................................................................................ Print Page Borders148................................................................................................................................................................ Print A Booklet148................................................................................................................................................................ Page Order149................................................................................................................................................................ Document Preview Image149................................................................................................................................................................ Print Quality150................................................................................................................................................................ Best Quality150................................................................................................................................................................ Faster Printing150................................................................................................................................................................ Print Quality Details For The Hp Traditional Pcl 6 Driver150................................................................................................................................................................ Current Setting151................................................................................................................................................................ Font Settings151................................................................................................................................................................ Output Settings151................................................................................................................................................................ Print Quality Details For The Hp Traditional Pcl 5 Driver152................................................................................................................................................................ Graphic Settings153................................................................................................................................................................ Effects Tab Features155................................................................................................................................................................ Print Document On156................................................................................................................................................................ Scale To Fit156................................................................................................................................................................ Of Normal Size157................................................................................................................................................................ Watermarks158................................................................................................................................................................ Current Watermarks158................................................................................................................................................................ First Page Only158................................................................................................................................................................ Edit158................................................................................................................................................................ Watermark Message160................................................................................................................................................................ Message Angle160................................................................................................................................................................ Font Attributes160................................................................................................................................................................ Default Watermark Settings161................................................................................................................................................................ Paper Tab Features163................................................................................................................................................................ Paper Options164................................................................................................................................................................ Custom165................................................................................................................................................................ Name166................................................................................................................................................................ Save, Delete, Or Rename167................................................................................................................................................................ Custom Size (width And Height Controls)168................................................................................................................................................................ Custom Width And Height Control Limits168................................................................................................................................................................ Source Is169................................................................................................................................................................ Dynamic Measurement Units169................................................................................................................................................................ Close169................................................................................................................................................................ Use Different Paper/covers171................................................................................................................................................................ Front Cover171................................................................................................................................................................ First172................................................................................................................................................................ Other173................................................................................................................................................................ Last173................................................................................................................................................................ Back Cover174................................................................................................................................................................ Device Image175................................................................................................................................................................ Job Storage Tab Features176................................................................................................................................................................ Status Dialog Box179................................................................................................................................................................ Job Storage Mode179................................................................................................................................................................ Proof And Hold179................................................................................................................................................................ Quick Copy180................................................................................................................................................................ Stored Job180................................................................................................................................................................ Private Job180................................................................................................................................................................ Job Notification Options181................................................................................................................................................................ User Name181................................................................................................................................................................ Job Name181................................................................................................................................................................ Using Job-storage Features When Printing182................................................................................................................................................................ Releasing A Job-storage Print Job182................................................................................................................................................................ Deleting A Job-storage Print Job183................................................................................................................................................................ Basics Tab Features184................................................................................................................................................................ Copies185................................................................................................................................................................ Orientation185................................................................................................................................................................ About186................................................................................................................................................................ Configure Tab Features188................................................................................................................................................................ Printer Model189................................................................................................................................................................ Paper Handling Options190................................................................................................................................................................ Duplexing Unit191................................................................................................................................................................ Allow Manual Duplexing191................................................................................................................................................................ Mopier Enabled191................................................................................................................................................................ Mopier Mode And Collation191................................................................................................................................................................ Optional Paper Sources192................................................................................................................................................................ Other Options192................................................................................................................................................................ Storage193................................................................................................................................................................ Fonts193................................................................................................................................................................ Alternative Letterhead Mode195................................................................................................................................................................ Ignore Application Collation195................................................................................................................................................................ Printer Memory195................................................................................................................................................................ Include Types In Application Source List195................................................................................................................................................................ Automatic Configuration196................................................................................................................................................................ Printer Image196................................................................................................................................................................ Hp Traditional Postscript Level 3 Emulation Driver Features197................................................................................................................................................................ Ps 3 Emulation Support For The Hp Laserjet P3005198................................................................................................................................................................ What's This Help198................................................................................................................................................................ Paper Size200................................................................................................................................................................ Layout200................................................................................................................................................................ Paper Source201................................................................................................................................................................ Unprintable Area202................................................................................................................................................................ More Options202................................................................................................................................................................ Restore Defaults203................................................................................................................................................................ Graphics Tab Features203................................................................................................................................................................ Resolution204................................................................................................................................................................ Halftoning205................................................................................................................................................................ Special205................................................................................................................................................................ Scaling205................................................................................................................................................................ Fonts Tab Features205................................................................................................................................................................ Send Truetype Fonts To Printer According To The Font Substitution Table206................................................................................................................................................................ Font Substitution Table206................................................................................................................................................................ Always Use Built-in Printer Fonts Instead Of Truetype Fonts207................................................................................................................................................................ Always Use Truetype Fonts207................................................................................................................................................................ Send Fonts As207................................................................................................................................................................ Device Options Tab Features209................................................................................................................................................................ Available Printer Memory211................................................................................................................................................................ Printer Features211................................................................................................................................................................ Fastres 1200212................................................................................................................................................................ User212................................................................................................................................................................ Pin Digit 1 (for Private Job)212................................................................................................................................................................ Pin Digit 2 (for Private Job)212................................................................................................................................................................ Pin Digit 3 (for Private Job)212................................................................................................................................................................ Pin Digit 4 (for Private Job)212................................................................................................................................................................ Hppjlencoding212................................................................................................................................................................ Economode212................................................................................................................................................................ Job Storage212................................................................................................................................................................ Collate214................................................................................................................................................................ Watermark215................................................................................................................................................................ Watermark (pages Per Sheet)215................................................................................................................................................................ Watermark Font215................................................................................................................................................................ Watermark Size216................................................................................................................................................................ Watermark Angle216................................................................................................................................................................ Watermark Style216................................................................................................................................................................ Watermark Intensity216................................................................................................................................................................ Print Watermark216................................................................................................................................................................ Installable Options216................................................................................................................................................................ Tray217................................................................................................................................................................ Duplex Unit (for 2-sided Printing)217................................................................................................................................................................ Printer Hard Disk217................................................................................................................................................................ Mopier Mode217................................................................................................................................................................ Vmoption218................................................................................................................................................................ Postscript Tab Features218................................................................................................................................................................ Postscript Output Format219................................................................................................................................................................ Postscript Header220................................................................................................................................................................ Print Postscript Error Information220................................................................................................................................................................ Postscript Timeout Values220................................................................................................................................................................ Advanced220................................................................................................................................................................ Postscript Language Level221................................................................................................................................................................ Bitmap Compression221................................................................................................................................................................ Data Format222................................................................................................................................................................ Send Ctrl+d Before Job222................................................................................................................................................................ Send Ctrl+d After Job222................................................................................................................................................................ Hp Pcl 6, Pcl 5, And Ps Emulation Unidrivers For Ms Windows Introduction223................................................................................................................................................................ Printing Preferences Driver Tabs225................................................................................................................................................................ Access To Print Drivers In Windows 2000, Windows Xp, And Windows Server 2003225................................................................................................................................................................ Properties Driver Tabs226................................................................................................................................................................ Incompatible Print Settings Messages227................................................................................................................................................................ Advanced Tab Features229................................................................................................................................................................ Paper/output230................................................................................................................................................................ Copy Count231................................................................................................................................................................ Collated231................................................................................................................................................................ Graphic231................................................................................................................................................................ True Type Font231................................................................................................................................................................ Advanced Printing Features232................................................................................................................................................................ Print Optimizations232................................................................................................................................................................ Postscript Options232................................................................................................................................................................ Layout Options234................................................................................................................................................................ Paper/quality Tab Features235................................................................................................................................................................ Custom Paper Size242................................................................................................................................................................ Units243................................................................................................................................................................ Print Quality Drop-down Menu251................................................................................................................................................................ Resizing Options255................................................................................................................................................................ Actual Size255................................................................................................................................................................ Manually Print On Both Sides264................................................................................................................................................................ Booklet Layout267................................................................................................................................................................ Status Group Box273................................................................................................................................................................ Require Pin275................................................................................................................................................................ Services Tab Features279................................................................................................................................................................ Internet Services280................................................................................................................................................................ Device Services280................................................................................................................................................................ Device Settings Tab Features281................................................................................................................................................................ Form To Tray Assignment282................................................................................................................................................................ External Fonts284................................................................................................................................................................ Installing External Fonts284................................................................................................................................................................ Removing External Fonts285................................................................................................................................................................ Ps Emulation Unidriver Device Settings285................................................................................................................................................................ Available Postscript Memory286................................................................................................................................................................ Output Protocol286................................................................................................................................................................ Send Ctrl-d Before Each Job286................................................................................................................................................................ Send Ctrl-d After Each Job286................................................................................................................................................................ Convert Gray Text To Postscript Gray287................................................................................................................................................................ Convert Gray Graphics To Postscript Gray287................................................................................................................................................................ Add Euro Currency Symbol To Postscript Fonts287................................................................................................................................................................ Job Timeout287................................................................................................................................................................ Wait Timeout287................................................................................................................................................................ Minimum Font Size To Download As Outline287................................................................................................................................................................ Maximum Font Size To Download As Outline287................................................................................................................................................................ Postscript Passthrough (ps Emulation Unidriver Only)290................................................................................................................................................................ Jpeg Passthrough (ps Emulation Unidriver Only)291................................................................................................................................................................ About Tab Features292................................................................................................................................................................ Macintosh Introduction295................................................................................................................................................................ Hardware Requirements296................................................................................................................................................................ Macintosh Printing-system Software296................................................................................................................................................................ Software Component Availability297................................................................................................................................................................ Macintosh Partition297................................................................................................................................................................ Macintosh Component Descriptions300................................................................................................................................................................ Hp Laserjet Ppds300................................................................................................................................................................ Pdes300................................................................................................................................................................ Macintosh Install And Uninstall Instructions300................................................................................................................................................................ Install Notes (readme File)301................................................................................................................................................................ Online Help301................................................................................................................................................................ Install The Macintosh Printing System301................................................................................................................................................................ General Installation For Macintosh Operating Systems301................................................................................................................................................................ Detailed Mac Os X Installation302................................................................................................................................................................ Main Install Dialog Sequence302................................................................................................................................................................ Printer Setup309................................................................................................................................................................ Set Up A Printer With Mac Os X V10.3314................................................................................................................................................................ Set Up A Printer With Mac Os X V10.2.8317................................................................................................................................................................ Troubleshooting The Printer Setup321................................................................................................................................................................ Uninstall The Macintosh Printing System321................................................................................................................................................................ Access To The Hp Printer Utility322................................................................................................................................................................ Macintosh Hp Printer Utility322................................................................................................................................................................ Supplies Status325................................................................................................................................................................ Device Information329................................................................................................................................................................ File Upload329................................................................................................................................................................ Update Firmware330................................................................................................................................................................ Upload Fonts331................................................................................................................................................................ Hp Support332................................................................................................................................................................ Duplex Mode334................................................................................................................................................................ Trays Configuration337................................................................................................................................................................ Lock Resources338................................................................................................................................................................ Stored Jobs338................................................................................................................................................................ E-mail Alerts340................................................................................................................................................................ Network Settings341................................................................................................................................................................ Bonjour Settings342................................................................................................................................................................ Additional Settings343................................................................................................................................................................ Hp Embedded Web Server (ews)344................................................................................................................................................................ Device Status346................................................................................................................................................................ Event Log349................................................................................................................................................................ Usage350................................................................................................................................................................ Control Panel Snapshot351................................................................................................................................................................ Print352................................................................................................................................................................ Printing A File Or Updating Firmware From The Print Screen353................................................................................................................................................................ E-mail Server354................................................................................................................................................................ Using The Menus On The Configure Device Screen354................................................................................................................................................................ Configuring Outgoing E-mail355................................................................................................................................................................ Configuring The Return E-mail Address355................................................................................................................................................................ Autosend356................................................................................................................................................................ Turn On The Autosend Feature357................................................................................................................................................................ Edit Other Links358................................................................................................................................................................ Language359................................................................................................................................................................ Adding A Link359................................................................................................................................................................ Removing A Link359................................................................................................................................................................ Date & Time360................................................................................................................................................................ Date/time Format361................................................................................................................................................................ Clock Drift Correction361................................................................................................................................................................ Wake Time362................................................................................................................................................................ File To E-mail Utility366................................................................................................................................................................ Media Sources And Destinations368................................................................................................................................................................ Media-source Commands368................................................................................................................................................................ Media Attributes368................................................................................................................................................................ Driver-supported Media Sizes369................................................................................................................................................................ Driver-supported Media Types371................................................................................................................................................................ Custom Paper Sizes372................................................................................................................................................................ Media-type Commands373................................................................................................................................................................ Print A Configuration374................................................................................................................................................................ Remote Firmware Updates374................................................................................................................................................................ Downloading The New Firmware From The Hp Web Site375................................................................................................................................................................ Downloading The New Firmware To The Device375................................................................................................................................................................ Printer Messages During The Firmware Update375................................................................................................................................................................ Remote Firmware Update By Using Ftp Through A Browser377................................................................................................................................................................ Remote Firmware Update By Using Ftp On A Direct Network Connection378................................................................................................................................................................ Remote Firmware Update Through A Local Ms Windows Port379................................................................................................................................................................ Windows 98 Se Or Windows Me379................................................................................................................................................................ Windows 2000, Windows Xp, Or Windows Server 2003380................................................................................................................................................................ Remote Firmware Update Through A Usb Port381................................................................................................................................................................ Remote Firmware Update Through An Ms Windows Network381................................................................................................................................................................ Remote Firmware Update For Unix Systems382................................................................................................................................................................ Remote Firmware Update By Using The Lpr Command382................................................................................................................................................................ Remote Firmware Update Through Hp Web Jetadmin383................................................................................................................................................................ Print-ready File Printing By Using Ftp Through A Browser385................................................................................................................................................................ Printing Print-ready Documents385................................................................................................................................................................ Print-ready File Printing By Using Ftp On A Direct Network Connection386................................................................................................................................................................ Print-ready Printing By Using A Local Ms Windows Port387................................................................................................................................................................ Print-ready File Printing In An Ms Windows Network388................................................................................................................................................................ Print-ready File Printing In Unix Systems388................................................................................................................................................................ 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Raf Manual Of Flight Safety VeroBuild Manual. RAF 2000 Build manual. 5. Maintenance Manual. TBD. 6. Flight Manual. RAF 2000 Operator. potential for the safety chain connected to the pitch. RAF Air Safety Management Plan The RAF is committed to engendering a generative and participatory safety culture, in what is said, what is done and, more importantly, what is believed. Such a culture can be considered to have 4 primary elements (the Just Culture, the Reporting Culture, the Flexible Culture and the Learning Culture) with a fifth element, the Questioning Culture, being the defence against assumptions and the mechanism for delivering rigour in our approach to safety. These 5 elements combine to form a proactive, safety-conscious, informed and engaged organization that is able and willing to deliver an effective ASMS – see Fig 2. a. Ascertain factors underlying safety deficiencies. b. Assist in deciding what additional facts are needed. c. Assist in reaching valid conclusions. RAF Air Safety Management Plan AP7002 Third Edition Jul 12 MAINTENANCE OF THE AIR PUBLICATION 1. This new issue of AP7002, the RAF Air Safety Management Plan (ASMP), will be regularly updated throughout the life of RAF Air Command operations. It replaces edition 2 of The RAF ASMP. Day-to-day responsibility for the maintenance of the RAF ASMP resides with Inspector of Flight Safety (IFS) on behalf of the Senior Duty Holder’s Senior Operator (DCom Ops); suggestions for change should be directed to the editor, SO2 Policy, RAF Flight Safety for onward staffing. The ASMP will be reviewed formally on an annual basis and also as the result of any of the following: Major organizational changes within the Service. Changes in MAA, EASA or CAA policy/regulation. Changes in military or civil safety legislation. 2. Amendments. AP7002 will be maintained on the RAF Flight Safety intranet website. CDROM versions are available from the editor if required. To check the latest amendment status reference should be made to the RAF Flight Safety intranet website. Major amendments and new inclusions will be promulgated to Cmd, Gp and Unit Safety Management Officers. A Request for Change form is included at Annex A of this publication for use if necessary, alternatively suggestions for change can be e-mailed to Air-Flt Safety SO2 Policy. 3. Disclaimer. Nothing contained within this AP removes the responsibility of any Duty Holder to comply with the law and MOD requirements. Sponsor: Inspector of Flight Safety RAF Flight Safety RAF High Wycombe Buckinghamshire HP14 4UE DFTS: BT: Email: 95221 6666 01494 496666 Air Flt Safety (Multiuser) 1 Edition 3 Change 0 Contents Foreword Preface Scope, Leadership Commitment, SMS Foundations & Organization SECTION 1 1.1 1.2 1.2.1 1.2.2 POLICY Air Safety Objectives Safety Organization Interfaces with Boundary Organizations Civilian Contracted Activity 1.3 1.3.1 1.3.2 Information Management ASIMS & DASOR Air Safety Documentation 1.4 1.4.1 Contingency & Resilience Post Crash Management 1.5 1.5.1 Fatigue Management Policy Fatigue Policy Introduction 1.6 1.6.1 Flight Data Monitoring Policy FDM introduction SECTION 2 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 SECTION 3 3.1 RISK MANAGEMENT Introduction Hazard Identification & Analysis Risk Assessment Risk Reduction Risk Monitoring & Review Risk Reporting & Communication ASSURANCE Safety Performance Edition 3 2 Change 0 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3 3.1.4 3.1.5 Separation of Assurance & Ensurance Activity Ensurance Assurance Safety Analysis Audit 3.2 SECTION 4 4.1 4.1.1 4.1.2 4.1.3 Continual Improvement & Management of Change PROMOTION Training & Education Safety Management Training Competencies HF & EM Training 4.2 SECTION 5 Communication SUPPLEMENTARY DOCUMENTS 5.1 5.2 5.3 Annex A Annex B Annex C Annex D Annex E Annex F Annex G Annex H Annex I Annex J Annex K Annex L Annex M References Glossary Annexes Request for Change Form ICAO – Global Safety Plan RAF Air Safety Management System Compliance Matrix RAF Stns/Units/Sqns under the RAF ASMP Duty Holders' Roles, Responsibilities & Development Senior Operators' Roles, Responsibilities & Development Chief Engineers' Roles, Responsibilities & Development COS Spt’s Engineering Airworthiness Assurance Governance Framework List of Safety Forums & Meetings DH construct for Engineering Force Elements on Deployed Ops. Engineering Officer Generic Selection Criteria SQEP Matrix Regulatory Documents Edition 3 3 Change 0 This ASMP fulfils 2 roles. It describes the organization, processes and procedures of the RAF’s Air Safety Management System (ASMS). It also provides Safety Policy in the form of Directives that must be followed by all those within the scope of this ASMS (see Scope at page 15). The directives are presented in the format shown below: Rationale Rationale provides the origin/reason for the subsequent text in the specific directive. Directive 1. Within the context of the ASMS, the directives are defined as overarching activities which shall be followed without exception. Acceptable Means of Compliance 2. Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) represent the means by which Air Command expects the intent of the Directive to be met. An alternative approach may be acceptable but should be approved by Air Command. Guidance Material 3 Guidance Material is typically developed to accompany AMC in order to provide additional explanation to assist in the application of the directive. Further explanation on the use of the verbs Shall and Should is given in the MAA Regulatory Policy Document MAA01. Edition 3 4 Change 0 FOREWORD BY AIR CHIEF MARSHAL SIR STEPHEN DALTON – CHIEF OF THE AIR STAFF The role of the RAF is to deliver efficient, effective and precise Air Power that achieves the intended results with the minimum of deaths and injuries to non-combatants, the enemy and of course to our own and allied forces. To achieve this goal, we must inculcate an inherent Air Safe consciousness within all our people - from the first day of their RAF career to their last - such that Air Safety is reflected in everything we do. Equally, we must ensure that all our personnel continue to receive the highest quality training and that we apply the highest possible standards of safety to all air and air-related activities. This will enable us to minimize the risk to the RAF’s personnel, equipment and mission, and enhance our operational capability. What is clear is the fundamental role that comprehensive safety management plays in helping us reach these objectives. Previous Editions of the RAF Air Safety Management Plan formalized the higher level governance processes for managing Air Safety across the RAF, providing clear direction as to how we identify hazards and assess and control risk. Now I require you to implement this plan to ensure we continually improve the way we foster a safe environment Military aviation is an inherently complex, unforgiving and potentially hazardous activity that is affected by more than the aircrew and engineers who operate and maintain our aircraft. For us to deliver our military task in the air domain we cannot be risk averse but must manage risk to a level which is tolerable and as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP). This necessity is recognized in the Air Safety Management Plan, which encompasses air safety personnel: aircrew, engineers and technicians, airspace and air traffic controllers, movements and ground handling personnel and others – in fact any person either directly or indirectly involved with aviation, all of whom have a critical role to play in ensuring the risk to RAF aviation and personnel is tolerable and ALARP. Effective Safety Management is about much more than equipment and procedures; it is about people and the Human Factors that affect them. We must therefore recognize that we are all subject to error – that is the nature of the human condition. Addressing this through safety management requires that we develop a deep understanding of Human Factors issues and foster a strong Reporting Culture. This Reporting Culture is developing; we are striving through the Defence Aviation Error Management System (DAEMS) process to learn from low-level events rather than purely from accidents. It will ultimately enable us to predict and prevent reoccurrence of errors and circumstances before they happen. To underpin this, we have established a policy to engender a ‘Just Culture’ under which our people feel confident to report issues and admit error in the understanding that the system is fair and equitable. The consistent delivery of this policy, both in detail and spirit, is essential if our Reporting Culture is to fully mature. I therefore look to all personnel in leadership positions to defend ferociously and apply fully our just policies. Stephen Dalton Air Chief Marshal Chief of the Air Staff Edition 3 5 Change 0 PREFACE SCOPE The RAF ASMP lays down the policy which, when applied, shall ensure the effectiveness of the RAF Air Safety Management System (ASMS). It applies to all RAF personnel; RAF units are detailed at Annex D. It also applies to those individuals, who are from equivalent UK, foreign and civilian organizations who work within the RAF organization. They are all bound by its policy and should be made aware of its content. To support continual improvement of the RAF ASMS, this ASMP will be reviewed at least annually. Contracted organizations working for the RAF should have a SMS that is at least equivalent to the RAF ASMS LEADERSHIP COMMITMENT The RAF Air Safety commitment is to maximize the RAF’s operational capability through the identification, management and reduction of the risk inherent in delivering military aviation capability. As the Senior Duty Holder (SDH) within the RAF, CAS is responsible to the Secretary of State (SofS) for Defence for all Air Safety matters within the RAF. To meet those responsibilities all Duty Holders (DHs) under his command are required to observe the Policy Statement by the SofS for Defence, as laid out in JSP 815. 1 This policy details the expectation of the SofS with respect to compliance with UK and international legislation, and his expectation of commanders and managers and of individuals. In support of this policy and his commitment to Air Safety, 2 CAS requires that: 1. All commanders and managers lead by example to develop and embed a safety culture as described within this ASMP. 2. A clearly-defined ASMS is integral to all Air activities to ensure Air Safety competence and provide a framework of reference for all personnel and stakeholders. 3. The accountabilities and responsibilities for all personnel are defined clearly with respect to the development and delivery of Air Safety strategy and performance. 4. The implementation of Air Safety strategy and policy is adequately resourced with specialist safety personnel who are suitably qualified, experienced, skilled and trained. 5. All personnel are provided with timely, adequate and appropriate Air Safety information and trg, are competent in safety matters and are only allocated tasks commensurate with their skills, experience and knowledge. 6. The risk associated with aircraft operations is minimised to a point that is at least tolerable and also ALARP. 7. Safety processes are actively developed and improved to ensure continual compliance with required legislation, achievement of the highest practicable level of safety standards and performance in all Air activities and, as a minimum, ensure standards and management arrangements produce outcomes that are at least as good as those required by legislation. 8. Safety performance metrics are established and safety management reviews are conducted. Both are to be measured against realistic objectives and targets and the relevant action is to be taken to address findings. 9. Externally supplied systems and services meet relevant safety standards such that they do not adversely impact the safety of operations. JSP 815 Annex A. Policy Statement by SofS for Defence on guiding principles on Safety, Health, Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development in Defence dated 20 Sep 10. 2 ‘Air Safety is the state of freedom from unacceptable risk of injury to persons, or damage, throughout the life cycle of military air systems. Its purview extends across all Defence Lines of Development and includes Airworthiness, Flight Safety, Policy, Regulation and the apportionment of Resources. It does not address survivability in a hostile environment.’ MAA01 Chapter 2. 1 Edition 3 6 Change 0 10. All personnel fulfil their role in the safe regulation, operation and maintenance of Air systems and their associated equipment. 11. All personnel meet their legal duty of care and moral responsibility to ensure that operations are conducted in as safe a manner as is reasonably practicable. 12. All personnel report anything that they consider could compromise any aspect of Air Safety. SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOUNDATIONS A committed leadership which acts proactively and reactively to unforeseen needs, on accurate and honest information will allow a successful system to be set up that can adapt to changing regulation and technology. The RAF Air Safety strategy is built on the foundation of a robust ASMS. This ASMS embodies the organizational structure, regulation, responsibilities, policy, processes, procedures and resources that enable the direction and control of activities necessary to meet safety requirements and safety policy objectives. A robust ASMS provides an organization with a formal and auditable process for setting and implementing policy, measuring performance, identifying hazards, assessing and mitigating the associated risk in a continual improvement (CI) loop (Fig 1). Fig 1 – ASMS Continual Improvement Loop 3 A robust ASMS combines traditional flight safety activities with functioning Airworthiness, human factors and error management systems, underpinned by effective assurance. The effectiveness of an ASMS is dependent on the successful embodiment of the elements of the CI loop and a strong safety culture. The ASMP aims to define the policy that underpins the ASMS; intelligent interpretation of this ASMP and effective communication at all levels should result in a more efficient ASMS that is proactive, rather than reactive, in nature. The RAF Manual of Flight Safety (AP3207), provides further direction on how to implement the Policy contained herein and should be considered as AMC. ENGENDERING AN INFORMED/ENGAGED SAFETY CULTURE A robust ASMS and healthy safety culture should combine to generate a safe environment. The safety culture addresses beliefs, values, attitudes and behaviour at all levels (ie, commitment); the ASMS will address policy, process and procedures (ie, competence). These 2 facets are interdependent and one without the other will not generate the desired results. 3 MAA Manual of Air Safety, Chapter 1. Edition 3 7 Change 0 The RAF is committed to engendering a generative and participatory safety culture, in what is said, what is done and, more importantly, what is believed. Such a culture can be considered to have 4 primary elements 4 (the Just Culture, the Reporting Culture, the Flexible Culture and the Learning Culture) with a fifth element, the Questioning Culture, 5 being the defence against assumptions and the mechanism for delivering rigour in our approach to safety. These 5 elements combine to form a proactive, safetyconscious, informed and engaged organization that is able and willing to deliver an effective ASMS – see Fig 2. Just Culture. A just culture is a pre-requisite for a reporting culture. Within a just culture individuals are commended for admitting to errors made in an honest endeavour to do their best; the organization pays due regard to honesty and openness, and accepts that error is a component of human performance. However, this is not a blameless culture and deliberate violations of rules and regulations could result in disciplinary action. Reporting Culture. The reporting culture that we seek is one under which individuals are willing and able to report any issue or event which they believe has or could potentially lead to an Air Safety risk. Such reporting provides the opportunity to learn from low level events and near-misses and enable us to identify interventions and defences that will most effectively minimise both the likelihood and impact of an accident or incident. Flexible Culture. A flexible culture recognizes that rigid adherence to inadequate policies will not enable the satisfactory resolution of safety related problems. Mechanisms are required that allow policy to evolve in a controlled manner to meet the challenges presented by the complexities of the Defence Air environment. The adoption of the safety management strategies within this ASMP and the investment in Error Management systems are indicative of the drive within the RAF to further foster a flexible culture. Safety initiatives are to be encouraged and coordinated through Gp Safety staffs. Learning Culture. An organization that demonstrates a strong learning culture is willing to learn from its mistakes and adapt as necessary. In a ‘learning organization’, employees and policies allow for continuous learning and improvements to safety, through observation and evaluation. It does not consider it is the ‘perfect place’ and understands that there is no room for complacency. The organization must seek to promulgate lessons learned and embed them in policy and corporate knowledge such that true progress is made. Questioning Culture. The above 4 cornerstones underpin a strong safety culture. However, Sir Charles Haddon-Cave QC adds a further sub-culture that he considered a vital fifth element, a ‘Questioning Culture’. At all stages it is vital to ask questions such as “What if?”, “Why?”, “Can you explain?”, “Can you show me?”, “Can you prove it?” Questions are the antidote to assumptions, which so often lead to mistakes; hence a questioning culture is the key to a true safety culture. 4 5 Professor James Reason, University of Manchester. ‘Managing the Risks of Organizational Accidents’, Reason J, Aldershot, 1997, page 195. From the Nimrod Review (Charles Haddon-Cave, QC), Ch 27, pg 569. Edition 3 8 Change 0 QUESTIONING CULTURE REPORTING CULTURE JUST CULTURE INFORMED/ENGAGED SAFETY CULTURE FLEXIBLE CULTURE LEARNING CULTURE Fig 2 – Informed/Engaged Safety Culture Evolution of a Safety Culture. Fig 3 describes an organization’s approach to safety and depicts how a safety culture can impact on overall safety performance. As an organization matures from bottom left to top right, operational performance will improve; however, if this process is not properly managed through appropriate leadership, then operational improvements can quickly be reversed. Generative Safety is built into every aspect of the way we work and think Increasingly informed and increasing trust and accountability Behavi oural Proactive We try to look ahead and work on problems that we find Calculative We have systems in place to manage Safety; mostly in response to external pressures System atic Reactive Safety is important. We do lots of it after every accident Pathological Who cares, provided we are not caught? Fragme nted Fig 3 – Stages of Maturity in the Evolution of a Safety Culture Edition 3 9 Change 0 It is paramount that all personnel work to ensure that the RAF is the organizational role-model with an exemplary attitude to Air Safety. It is incumbent upon leadership at all levels to build robust processes that our staff can work easily within. Similarly, every member of the RAF must step forward when something is not right; it is their responsibility to question and act for the benefit of all and by doing so generate a safety culture that achieves our essential operational demands, and allows the ASMS to work. SMS COMPONENTS The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) set international standards, recommended practices and law for Aviation Safety and lay down key areas of safety focus. Annex B states the ICAO Global Safety Initiatives that support its Global Safety Plan. The MAA requires all Defence aviation organizations to establish an ASMS that is consistent with the requirements laid down in MRP RA 1200. This RAF ASMS follows the MAA regulation and international direction. Annex C shows where these criteria are addressed within this ASMP. The ASMS model adopted by the RAF is based upon the ICAO framework and is divided into 4 sections covering the areas of Policy, Risk Management, Assurance and Promotion. Leadership Commitment Organization POLICY Air Safety Objectives Information Management Contingency & Resilience Hazard Identification & Analysis RISK MANAGEMENT Risk Assessment & Reduction Risk Monitoring & Review Safety Performance ASSURANCE Continual Improvement & the Management of Change Training & Education PROMOTION Communication Fig 4 - ASMS Components Edition 3 10 Change 0 SAFETY MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION In order to deliver Air Safety, the RAF has adopted an Air Safety organizational structure which is detailed in this ASMP. This document identifies the key participants, articulates the command relationships that exist and explains the roles and responsibilities of those involved at all levels. This organizational structure is the foundation on which the RAF ensures that it safely operates air systems and is applicable to all personnel (military, civilian, UK or foreign) that are involved in delivering RAF air activity. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE Governance – MAA. The MAA is a separate and independent entity reporting directly to the 2nd PUS at the MOD. It is the higher level Air Safety governance body responsible for integrated regulatory, surveillance, inspection and assurance functions across the Defence air operating and technical domains, to underpin the safe design, maintenance and use of military air systems within the Defence operating context. 6 The MAA has primacy within the MOD’s Air Safety structure; as such, the RAF ASMS is subordinate to MAA direction and policy. The MAA directs subordinate Air Safety activity through the MRP by which it lays down regulation and provides guidance on compliance. Air Command writes the policy for the RAF to ensure compliance with the MAA’s regulation. THE DUTY HOLDER STRUCTURE A key recommendation made in the Nimrod Review was for ‘the nomination of clearly identified accountable Duty Holders (DH) in each of the 3 Services, at 3 senior levels, Service Chief, AOA and Unit Commander who have legal responsibility for: (a) the safety of their people; (b) the equipment they provide them; (c) the environments in which they work; and (d) the tasks they give them.’ 7 The MAA requires that the RAF retains Air Safety in a DH chain and has laid down clear roles and responsibilities of the Aviation DH in MRP RA 1020. The RAF has implemented the DH system across 3 levels of command as follows: Senior Duty Holder (SDH). The RAF SDH is CAS. The SDH is ultimately responsible for Air Safety within the RAF. Operational Duty Holder (ODH). ODH responsibilities have been allocated to the 3 Gp AOCs: 1 Gp, 2 Gp and 22 (Trg) Gp. Comd JHC is an ODH to 3 SDHs (CAS, CGS and CNS) and is responsible for air systems which RAF personnel operate/support. These officers may be personally legally responsible and accountable for the airworthiness, maintenance and safe use of the air systems in their defined AoR Delivery Duty Holder (DDH). DDH responsibilities have generally been allocated to Stn Cdrs or equivalent. Exceptionally, OC Ops Wgs and Sqn Cdrs, or equivalent, have been nominated as DDHs. These officers may also be personally legally responsible and accountable for the airworthiness, maintenance and safe use of the air systems in their defined AoR . In addition to being the ODH, the AOCs are also empowered by a Letter of Delegation from the Secretary of State through CAS as the Aircraft Operating Authority for the operation and support of all aircraft under their command. An AOA has the responsibility for operational governance arrangements safeguarding the the protection of their people and those involved in their aviation activities 6 7 MAA High Level Statement Sep 10. The Nimrod Review, Para 21.3.B. Edition 3 11 Change 0 Duty Holder-Facing Organizations The term ‘DH-Facing’ is used to describe all those organizations which advise or otherwise indirectly support the DH in the delivery of his output. Examples of DH-Facing organizations include: DE&S, RTSA, CAP, Strategic Manning, AIDU, DAATM, DFRMO, The Met Office, QinetiQ etc. The responsibilities with respect to Air Safety for DH-Facing organizations are laid down in the MRP RA 1020(4). SAFETY FORUMS A schedule of Safety Forums exists at all levels within Defence. They meet to discuss policy and review Safety performance throughout the year, and provide an overarching governance of the Defence SMS, of which the RAF ASMS is one element. Defence Board-Level DESC Air Force Board-Level AFBSC (Safety Mode) SDH-Level Forums ASGB – AFO&PG - ASGWG ODH-Level Forums DDH-Level Forums ASSG ASSWG Air Safety Meetings Fig 5 - Safety Meeting Hierarchy SDH Level Forums At SDH level, the AFBSC meets annually in ‘safety mode’ to specifically review the Air Safety performance of the RAF and to ensure that the RAF ASMS is operating in a way that enables the Service to identify and manage issues/risks to be tolerable and ALARP. 8 The material for the board is based on the RAF ASMS Objectives, Performance Indicators and Targets; a review of audit activity is also addressed along with other strategic issues. In addition, Air Command convenes a six-monthly Air Safety Governance Board (ASGB) meeting, chaired by CAS. 9 In concert with the AFBSC and AFO&PG in safety modes this creates a quarterly meeting cycle as shown Fig 6. In addition the Chief Engineers’ ‘Pow-Wow’ meets quarterly; it is chaired by CE(AIR) and attended by ODH CEs. 8 9 Described in Annex E to MRP RA 1210. CAS will chair the ASGB and AFBSC in safety mode with DCom Ops chairing the AFO&PG in safety mode as the Senior Operator. Edition 3 12 Change 0 AFBSC (Safety Mode) Dec 4* Chair ASGB Sep 4* Chair RAF Air Safety Governance ASGB Mar 4* Chair AFO&PG (Safety Mode) May 3* Chair Fig 6- RAF SDH-Level Air Safety Governance These meetings are informed by quarterly RAF Air Safety Governance Working Gp (ASGWG) meetings co-chaired by IFS and DACOS Aw & ES . This 4-worlds 10 forum discusses proposed changes to safety regulation, conducts pan Gp trend analysis and aims to develop Air Safety policy; The ToRs for the ASGWG are shown at Annex I. ODH Level Meetings At ODH level, each ODH holds annual Air Safety Steering Gp (ASSG) meetings and Air System Safety Working Gp (ASSWG) meetings as required by the MRP. 11 These meetings are informed by the ODH’s internal processes and those of the ODH-Facing organizations. The ASSWGs should be scheduled to feed the ASSG; this in turn should be scheduled to feed the ASGB meeting prior to the AFBSC meeting in safety mode. In this way identified issues can be elevated up the safety chain to the highest level in a timely manner. 10 Within the RAF and for the purpose of this ASMP, 4-worlds includes: Aircrew, engineers and technicians, airspace and air traffic controllers, movements and ground handling personnel and any other person either directly or indirectly involved with aviation. These ‘worlds’ are all considered to have an impact on Aviation Safety and this policy, therefore, applies to all RAF Personnel. Details issued by MAA in MRP RA 1020 (para 7). 11 . Edition 3 13 Change 0 SECTION 1 – POLICY 1.1 AIR SAFETY OBJECTIVES Rationale The RAF Air Command Policy Statement sets objectives, and associated performance metrics, by which the success of the ASMS can be measured. Directive 1. DHs shall measure their success in achieving the air safety objectives laid out below. 2. ODHs shall implement plans and procedures to ensure these objectives are met and are to mandate further objectives, as required, to ensure the effective management of their ASMS. 3. DHs shall report the achievements via the SAPPHIRE reporting system 4. These metrics shall be reviewed annually to ensure their continued validity and reflect the development of the ASMS and improvement in the RAF safety culture. Acceptable Means of Compliance 5. Objectives should support the MoD Safety Sub-Strategy Goals. 6. The Performance Indicators should provide the basis for assessment of the development and health of the ASMS of each DH and progress towards achieving the Performance Targets. 7. The targets are designed to be SMART 12 and risk-based. They should be either output or process related and either absolute or relative in description. Guidance Material 12 Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time-related. Edition 3 14 Change 0 Objective 1 To prevent fatalities and to minimise injury to people resulting from RAF aviation activity. 13 Number of fatalities per year. Number of major injuries per year. Zero fatalities as a result of air accidents. A 10%-reduction in major injuries (as defined in RIDDOR 14) by 2013/14, from a 2009/2010 baseline. Performance Indicators Targets Objective 2 To maintain an effective ASMS that provides the SDH with the confidence that Air Safety objectives are being met. External assurance level of the RAF ASMS by the MAA. Internal audit / safety diagnostic on the evolutionary progress of the RAF Safety Culture. Evidence of continual improvement in Safety Management. Performance Indicators Targets To achieve a minimum level of assurance assessment post MAA audit of AMBER. 15 To achieve a minimum level of assurance assessment, post internal audit, of AMBER. A progression to GREEN in subsequent audits. Objective 3 To implement an Air Safety organizational structure that provides appropriate governance to the RAF ASMS. The Gp Safety structure is embedded to the satisfaction of the DH. The Continuous Airworthiness Management Organization (CAMO) structure is embedded to the satisfaction of the DH. The Battlespace Management (BM) structure is embedded to the satisfaction of the DH. Number of Air Safety posts gapped as a percentage of total manning. Performance Indicators Target All safety related posts to be identified and filled by appropriately trained personnel by Apr 2013 and maintained thereafter. Objective 4 To maintain a robust reporting and investigative culture through the employment of a common standardised system for the reporting and investigation of accidents, incidents, hazards/observations that could compromise or have compromised Air Safety. Number of units operating the Defence and/or RAF Aviation Error Management Performance 13 14 15 Taken from the MOD Safety Strategy – Apr 10 See http://www.hse.gov.uk/riddor As the maturity of the ASMS develops the assurance target will be reviewed annually and level of assurance increased. Edition 3 15 Change 0 Indicators System (AEMS). Time taken for Defence Air Safety Occurrence Reports (DASORs) to be released from Stns. Time taken for DASORs to be acknowledged by ODH staff. Number of proactive investigations as a percentage of the total number of investigations. Improving rate of Hazard/Obs against Incidents/accidents. Targets The implementation of a ‘4-world’ AEMS across the RAF by Apr 14. 100% of DASORs released from Stn within 48 hrs of event, unless exceptional circumstances dictate otherwise. 100% of DASORs acknowledged by ODH staff within four working days of receipt. 100% of DASORs, where the investigation has been completed, released from Stn within 1 month of event, unless exceptional circumstances dictate otherwise. Increase by 10% the number of proactive investigations 16 as a percentage of the total number of investigations. An increased rate of Hazard/Observation reporting of 20% against previous year figures, on a month by month comparison (ie, Apr 11 v Apr 12), to be reviewed annually at Q1. Objective 5 To establish and maintain robust safety analysis, through the delivery of a fully resourced analysis capability and feedback mechanism to identify trends and exploit existing Air Safety data. Number of personnel trained in safety analysis techniques, as a percentage of the total required to deliver the necessary safety analysis capability, within the AoR of each DH. All identified safety analysis personnel throughout each DH’s AoR to be Aviation Safety Information Management System (ASIMS) trained. Performance Indicators Target Objective 6 To establish and maintain a robust Risk Management process in order to identify and mitigate hazardous conditions. Specifically to perform hazard and risk analysis for all proposed, new and existing equipment acquisitions, facilities, operations and procedures. Number of personnel trained in Hazard Identification and Risk Management as a percentage of the total required delivering the necessary Risk Analysis capability within the area of responsibility (AoR) of a DH. The use of a standardised Risk Register. The maturity of Risk Registers within the AoR of each DH – measured by regularity of review, adjustment to mitigation, clear mitigation strategies. Performance Indicators A proactive investigation is an investigation of a reported hazard observation, near miss or error which has not resulted in an accident or incident. 16 Edition 3 16 Change 0 Targets The implementation of a resourced Risk Analysis capability to manage extant risks and perform hazard and risk analysis for all proposed new equipment acquisitions, facilities, operations and procedures using extant risk matrices. The employment of standardized Risk Registers across the RAF by Apr 13. Objective 7 To establish and maintain a robust ASMS assurance process, through periodic safety audits that review all aspects of the ASMS. Evidence should also exist for the continuous enhancement of the effectiveness of the ASMS. Evidence of audits undertaken on each ODH ASMS. Evidence of independent audits undertaken on RAF stns and units. Evidence of compliance with documented ASMS. Evidence of continuous improvement (CI) in Safety Management. Performance Indicators Targets The completion of an independent audit of the ASMS of each ODH annually with no major non-compliances (AMBER or better). The completion of an independent audit of the ASMS of each DDH annually, with no major non-compliances (AMBER or better). A progression to GREEN in subsequent audits. Objective 8 Performance Indicators To ensure all personnel obtain appropriate ASMS education and training. Percentage of personnel in the AoR of the ODH who have received their required Human Factors (HF) & Error Management (EM) training. Percentage of Air Safety posts 17 filled by Suitably Qualified and Experienced People (SQEP). Targets All personnel carrying specific Air Safety responsibilities within the AoR of each DH to have received identified training specific to post within 4 months of assuming post. 100% of personnel in the wider AoR of the DH to have received appropriate HF trg (RAF wide) and EM trg (specific to ‘Air Safety Critical’ personnel) by Apr 13. 17 It is the responsibility of the DH to decide what constitutes an Air Safety Post within his AoR. Edition 3 17 Change 0 SECTION 1 – POLICY 1.2 SAFETY ORGANIZATION The Safety Organization of the RAF is detailed in the Preface of this ASMP. The following directives relate to specific requirements of an SMS as laid down in MRP RA 1200. 1.2.1 INTERFACES WITH BOUNDARY ORGANIZATIONS Rationale The relevant relationships and links with all other higher, peer and lower level ASMSs, including Aviation DH facing support organizations, needs to be captured to determine what requirements, constraints, information and action must pass between the ASMS in order for the ASMS to function properly. Directive 1. The ODH pillars (1 Gp, 2 Gp and 22 (Trg) Gp) shall produce and maintain their own ASMPs which shall be subordinate to the RAF ASMP. 2. DHs shall clearly define the interfaces between their own SMS and the appropriate boundary organizations within their ASMP. 3. DHs shall detail what information is required from DH-facing organizations to ensure the success of their SMS within their ASMP. 4. DH-facing organizations shall provide the DH with the necessary information in a timely manner to ensure the success of the DH SMS. 5. ODHs shall ensure that the output of their ASSG is received in sufficient time to feed the next higher level Safety Meeting. Acceptable Means of Compliance 6. JHC is considered equivalent to an RAF Gp; it should maintain its own ASMS but it is not required to be directly subordinate to the RAF ASMS. Each ASMP should follow a similar format to this document and formally capture, as a minimum; policy, organization, safety management activities and safety performance assessment. 18 7. DHs should hold ASSG and ASSWG meetings iaw MRP RA 1020. 8. DH-facing organizations should be represented at the DH’s ASSG and ASSWG meetings. Guidance Material 9. MAA . The RAF ASMS (and its ASMP) is subordinate to the Defence Air Safety Management System (DASMS). Air Command interfaces with the MAA through the Military Operators Council (MOC) regular audit activity, policy direction and routine liaison between MAA and designated Air Command Air Safety POCs. 19 MRP RA 1200 gives further guidance on what an ASMS should address. RAF Flight Safety SO2 Policy (for the MRP 1000 and Fly 2000 series regulations), A4 Eng Policy (for the 4000 and 5000 series regulations) and 1Gp BM ATM Dep Force Cdr (for the MRP 3000 series regulations). 19 18 Edition 3 18 Change 0 10. Equipment Procurement and Through-Life Management Organizations. Such organizations include DE&S Project Teams (PTs), Delivery Teams and Independent PTs; they have specific duties and authority for recommendations regarding the design of the aircraft/system/equipment for which they are responsible. For example, the Project Team Leader (PTL), on behalf of Chief of Defence Materiel, ensures that the aircraft, systems and equipment meet the design Airworthiness standards and guidelines detailed in MAA Regulatory Publications, RA 1000 & 4000 series. In addition, they should provide designer Airworthiness advice where such advice is not forthcoming or available from the appropriate Design Authority. Finally, the PTL performs the role of intelligent customer by providing the link between the AOA and equipment Design Organization and Maintenance and Repair Organizations in order to deliver the agreed level of support to the DH in discharging his responsibility for maintaining continued Airworthiness. Each PTL is responsible for delivering agreed targets within agreed expenditure of resource through the provision of equipment acquisition and support functions. The detailed targets should be recorded in the Joint Business Agreement between the PT and ODH. Key PTL/Type Airworthiness Authorities (TAAs) responsibilities to ODHs include: a. Advice on the suitability of the selected aircraft type to meet the appropriate Airworthiness and safety requirements. b. Advice on the initial and continued competence of the contractor to carry out the design/engineering and maintenance tasks. c. Advice on all PTL issues that interface with the CAA. d. Where applicable, the issue and maintenance of a Military Type Certificate for the platform. 11. In safety management terms, interface with the PTs will occur primarily at ODH level and be operator-led. The appropriate PT should be present at each ODH’s ASSG. The ODH will rely on the PT for assistance in developing and maintaining his Risk Register, which is owned by the ODH in the DH system. 12. Release To Service Authority (RTSA). The SofS for Defence delegates the authority to release air system capability to service through CAS to ACAS. ACAS, as the RTSA, has the authority to authorize the issue of, and subsequent amendments to, 20 a Release To Service (RTS) for all aircraft and aerial equipment in service with the RAF, as well as Military Registered Civil Owned Aircraft (MRCOA) employed on an RAF or tri-Service contract for which ACAS has been appointed Project Sponsor. In addition, the RTSA assures the SDH of continuing validity of the in-Service RTS. Underpinning this assurance should be the implementation, by the DH, of a demonstrably effective and approved ASMS together with its supporting body of evidence (covering all Defence Lines of Development (DLOD)). RTS clearances take into consideration the TAA’s RTS Recommendation, and the operational requirement, taking due account of safety risk management considerations and operating safety requirements. The RTSA ASMP documents the RTSA ASMS. 13. BM Assurance. BM assurance activity focuses on assuring a unit’s training, standards and safety management systems. This permits both the assurance of the whole BM system to identify areas of strength and those requiring further 20 The Delegated RTSA (DRTSA – OF5 Level) has authority to authorize RTS amendments. Edition 3 19 Change 0 progression but also enhances trend analysis at a unit level and across the ATM and BM spheres. The work of the STANEVAL teams is underpinned by BM Safety Management who provide policy and subject matter expertise on safety management systems and human performance and incident investigation in ATM. Edition 3 20 Change 0 SECTION 1 – POLICY 1.2.2 CIVILIAN CONTRACTED ACTIVITY Rationale An ASMS must ensure adequate and satisfactory arrangements for the safe delivery of contracted services. All facets of this ASMP are applicable to contracted companies that support RAF activity. Directive 1. For new contracts, DHs shall ensure that any contracted company is able to comply with, or better, the safety standards contained within the directives from this and the DH’s own ASMP. 2. Any DH contracting for ad-hoc support shall ensure that personnel employed on such a basis comply with this ASMP. 3. Existing support contracts shall, where possible, be compliant with this intent, but financial implications may mean renegotiation on this point alone is impractical. If any contracted company is not compliant with RAF or Gp ASMP directive, the details of the non-compliance shall be captured on the DH’s Risk Register. Acceptable Means of Compliance Work conducted by a contracted company should be risk assessed and mitigated to the satisfaction of the relevant DH. 5. All personnel within a contracted company providing direct support to RAF aviation should be correctly trained and qualified for the positions that they undertake. 4. Guidance Material 6. There must be robust communication of what is required of a company, and transparency of its ASMS is required. Contracted company involvement is not specifically referenced throughout this document, as their requirements should be considered the same as those of the RAF. If a DH contracts through a second party (eg, an appropriate PT) he should ensure the second party is aware of the requirements. Edition 3 21 Change 0 SECTION 1 – POLICY 1.3 INFORMATION MANAGEMENT 1.3.1 ASIMS & DASOR Rationale Appropriate safety records enable safety performance to be analysed, maintain an audit trail and provide appropriate safety assurance to all associated with, and dependent upon, the ASMS as well as to external authorities for audit purposes. Records provide empirical data and traceability that may be used to identify and solve safety problems. There is also significant benefit associated with capturing corporate knowledge, which is of particular value in the Defence environment where personnel move between posts on a regular basis. ASIMS is the management system and database for accumulating all Defence Air Safety Occurrence Reports (DASORs) and for the tracking of recommendations of all new occurrence investigations. A DASOR can be completed and transmitted electronically, or in hard copy or signal format for those without access to IT. ASIMS Version 2 uses a new coding taxonomy, which is based on the established and academically-approved Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS). Directive 1. DHs shall maintain complete records of all Air Safety activity. 2. ODHs shall direct standardized procedures for record-keeping for subordinate DDHs. 3. DHs shall ensure that whenever information is recorded it should be made available to superior, peer and subordinate organizations. 4. 5. Acceptable Means of Compliance DHs shall ensure that no classified material is entered onto ASIMS. 21 DHs shall ensure that lessons identified are captured in ASIMS. 6. ASIMS coding activity should be carried out at the unit reporting the event, using the approved taxonomy to ensure coding accuracy and allow the start of data analysis. 7. Superior, peer and subordinate organizations should be able to draw benefit from raw data, summaries, recommendations or other outputs. Information mechanisms need to be available, accessible, compatible, and consistent to allow migration as necessary. 8. Record keeping is an essential component of Air Safety. It allows tracking, audit, analysis, monitoring, measurement and hazard prediction amongst many other safety activities. DHs should employ sufficient trained and competent staff to conduct these activities. At all DH levels in all ASMS matters, issues must be Guidance Material 21 The inclusion of aircraft registration details in the DASOR does not warrant a classification of RESTRICTED. Edition 3 22 Change 0 recorded in an appropriate, auditable format. 9. Reports of all types, Risk Registers, Safety Cases and other supporting documentation, are to be maintained; accurate, concise and clear records demonstrate accountability, responsibility, and transparency and are auditable. They support day-to-day safety management activities and can also be used to identify potential improvements and/or effect smooth organizational or structural changes. Edition 3 23 Change 0 SECTION 1 – POLICY 1.3. 2 AIR SAFETY DOCUMENTATION Rationale Documentation forms a vital part of an ASMS, in order to ensure the safe control of aviation activities. Also, a document that describes how an organization plans to meet the ASMS requirements – the ASMP - is essential if all personnel and external agencies are to understand the ASMS and their role within it. Directive 1. DHs shall produce an ASMP which details the organization and processes of their ASMS. 2. DHs, Commanders and Accountable Managers shall create and control documents which detail policy and procedures for the safe control of aviation activities. 3. All personnel shall adhere to the policy, direction and guidance laid down in AP7002 (ASMP) and AP3207 (RAF Manual of Flight Safety). 4. Subordinate ASMPs shall be supporting of and coherent with the principles and objectives defined in the senior organization ASMPs.. Acceptable Means of Compliance 5. All DHs, subordinate to the SDH, shall communicate their commitment to preserving Air Safety within their subsidiary ASMP which should: a. Formalize the higher level governance processes for managing Air Safety across the RAF. b. Provide clear direction as to how DHs can identify hazards and assess and control risk(s). c. Encompass the ‘4 Worlds’ of Ops, BM, Engineering and Direct Support Services (DSS). d. Be subject to continuous periodic review to ensure it remains valid and focussed. e. As a minimum, adhere to the ASMS Framework provided within the MAA Manual of Air Safety. f. Wherever possible, align with the RAF ASMP (AP7002) and exploit the MOD’s existing regulatory structures, publications and management practises. g. 6. Contain a commitment to CI. DHs and other commanders should ensure that orders, Aircraft Engineering Edition 3 24 Change 0 Standing Instructions and Orders (AESIs and AESOs), platform-specific safety cases, hazard logs and the Aircraft Document Set (ADS) 22 are produced if applicable. 7. DHs must ensure that these documents are managed to ensure that they appropriately detail standards and practices to be followed. 8. The Generic Aircraft Release Process (GARP) is the key process through which the MOD discharges its duty of care for military-registered aircraft. The RTS is the release document which gives authority for Service regulated flying, forms the principal document of the ADS and reflects the 'as-flown' standard of aircraft. The RTSA should ensure that the RTS is: a. Maintained such that it defines the authorized 'as-flown' configurations of the in-Service aircraft. b. Supported by a holistic Safety Case that encompasses all DLOD but with particular emphasis on DLODs that have an Air Safety implication. c. Carried forward into each appropriate publication of the ADS, so that the ADS reflects all authorized configurations and clearly promulgates all procedural safety mitigations resulting in valid and coherent ADS. d. Traceable to supporting evidence. Guidance Material 9. The major Air Safety documents at a defence level include JSP 815 – Defence Environment and Safety Management and the MAA’s MRPs. This ASMP is subordinate to the documents listed above. Other regulatory documents detailing how Air Safety is managed, and are therefore subject to document control procedures, are at Annex M to this AP. 22 The documents that have a prime airworthiness function for each aircraft type. They include the Release To Service (RTS), Aircraft Safety Case, Aircraft Maintenance Manual (AMM), Operating Data Manual, Flight Reference Cards, Support Policy Statement, Engineering Air Publications (including the Flight Test Schedule (FTS)) and the Statement of Operating Intent and Usage. The documents comprising the ADS may be held electronically. Edition 3 25 Change 0 SECTION 1 – POLICY 1.4 POST-CRASH MANAGEMENT Rationale The ASMS will ensure that procedures and processes are in place for dealing with what happens if an air platform accident/incident does occur. Within the RAF this shall be referred to as Aircraft Post Crash Management (APCM). APCM is defined as: ‘those activities carried out at an aircraft accident site which encompass the preservation of evidence, Health and Safety precautions, Corporate Communication and those activities undertaken to restore the accident site to a satisfactory condition.’ Note: APCM does not encompass activation of emergency services or accident investigation. Directive 1. All flying units and stns with regional PCM responsibilities shall produce a Crash Plan that is subject to annual audit by Gp or RAF staffs. 2. Flying units shall stage a biennial Stn Crash Exercise and supporting ‘table-top’ exercises. 3. Flying stations shall ensure that they retain a sufficient number of trained Post Crash Management Incident Officers (PCMIOs). Acceptable Means of Compliance 4. Strategic policy on APCM is contained in the MAA’s Manual of Post Crash Management (MPCM) and MRP RA1430. These documents cover the APCM task, the accident response organization, unit actions and orders for personnel deployed to a crash site. 5. All RAF Stns with regional APCM responsibilities are listed in Annex A to the MAA’s MPCM. These units should respond in accordance with procedures laid down in the MPCM; they should all hold the document in hard copy to enable immediate access. Normally, Stn Ops Wgs will coordinate the APCM task. Guidance Material 6. RAF Flight Safety will ensure that all units likely to be involved with providing APCM support comply with the provisions of the MPCM and RA1430 7. Appendix 2 to Annex C, Chapter 2 of the MPCM lists those actions specific to the RAF. A3 Ops at HQ Air Command is responsible for provision of: a. RAF Regional Liaison Officers in support of APCM. b. Crash-site Health & Safety and Environmental Protection Policy. Policy on the categorization of crashed aircraft is contained within RA 4405 whilst arrangements for salvage and recovery are contained in MAP-01, Chap 9.1. 8. In the first instance, notification of an accident is likely to come via the civilian emergency services to the Deputy Chief of Defence Staff Duty Officer in London. The MOD Defence Crisis Management Centre publishes a SOP (SOP 201) to detail the immediate actions for the Duty Officer in the event of an accident. Whilst enacting this SOP all nominated PCMIOs are to be aware of media interest and the need to carefully elucidate the MOD’s response to prevent misrepresentation. In particular, the following broad definitions identify the taxonomy employed within the RAF to describe Edition 3 26 Change 0 post accident activity and should be used where providing a neutral response is necessary: a. Grounded: withdrawal of the RTS for the aircraft/fleet by the RTSA. Aircraft/fleet shall not be flown until remedial action to reduce Risk to Life (RtL) to Tolerable and ALARP is carried out. This statement, and any subsequent ‘un-grounding’ of an aircraft/fleet, is conditional on the following: (1) (2) It is supported by a RtL assessment by the DH. It is informed by appropriate SME (PT, RTSA, TAA, CAMO etc). b. Suspension of Flying Activity: Operating of aircraft/fleet suspended by the relevant ODH pending an RtL assessment being made. This response would generally be a temporary measure, allowing time to gather evidence, that would be reviewed continually and informed by investigation/evidence. Any decision to suspend flying activity could include the following conditional caveats: (1) (2) (3) Suspension of all operations. Suspension of all training operations. Suspension of operations [operating], excepting Ops [operational] Where an air system is used by multiple AOAs an ODH can only direct the suspension of flying activity for the air system under his command. In the case of an aircraft type being operated by a number of different ODHs, one will be nominated by the MOC as ‘lead ODH’ and, in this role, act as a conduit between DE&S and other external stakeholders and his fellow ODH(s). Any decision taken which may affect continuation of flying across the fleet would be discussed with relevant ODHs in order to understand the balance of risk against capability delivery. Notwithstanding this requirement, any ODH that decides to suspend flying operations on the ac under his command has a responsibility to advise to his fellow ODHs of the reasons for this course of action. Therefore, where such a situation exists it is vital that the taxonomy employed exactly reflects the course of action taken, such as “HQ 1 Gp has suspended flying on the 100 Sqn Hawk T1”, to capture the fact that other ODHs may decide to continue flying the aircraft and have accepted any risk associated with it. Edition 3 27 Change 0 SECTION 1 – POLICY 1.5 – FATIGUE RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (FRMS) Rationale The RAF’s Fatigue Policy ensures that we appropriately manage our personnel and their working patterns to safeguard Air Safety. This policy complements extant regulations. 23 The MAA requires that RAF policies, standards and practices are, as far as reasonably practicable, at least as good as those required by legislative provisions on fatigue which apply to civilian operators, whether or not the Armed Forces are bound by those provisions. 24 Directive 1. The RAF FRMS is committed to protecting all Service personnel from fatigue-related risks. The RAF’s FRMS applies to all personnel both in the UK, overseas and operations within 4-worlds. The policy specifies the RAF’s commitment and approach to the management of fatigue risk. IFS shall be responsible to CAS for the RAF FRMS Policy. 2. Duty Holders (DHs) shall: a. Enhance Flight Safety by seeking to minimize the number of fatiguerelated accidents and or incidents. b. Encourage a safe working environment by minimizing the hazards and risks associated with fatigue. c. Ensure fatigue-related risks associated with extended working hours are minimized. d. Promote and engender a safety culture that seeks to improve individual’s health, retention and morale. e. Where reasonably practicable, ensure personnel on Operational duty 25 comply with this policy. f. Ensure that where there is a requirement to operate outside this policy, personnel communicate the increased risk of fatigue through the safety chain to the appropriate DH. g. Be responsible for the implementation of measures to minimize fatigue-related risk. h. Ensure that their AoR(s) are compliant and manage their bespoke FRM policy/orders in conjunction with the RAF FRMS. DIN01-050 Guidance on the European Working Time Regulations, AP100B-01 Fatigue Policy Guidance, MAA RA 2345 Aircrew Fatigue Management and STANAG 3527 – NATO Aircrew Fatigue Management. 24 MAA RA 2345 Aircrew Fatigue Management. 25 Includes QRA & SAR in the UK and overseas. Gib, Akrotiri and Cyprus are considered the same as routine UK duties, unless undertaking Operational Duties. 23 Edition 3 28 Change 0 Acceptable Means of Compliance 3. DHs should: a. Ensure the DH Policy and Orders reflects the directives and guidelines stipulated in this document and the RAF Manual of Flight Safety (AP3207), Section 200, FS200.165. b. Have orders which define the maximum permitted duty hours, cumulative duty periods and compulsory planned rest periods for all personnel other than aircrew, within the limits of the 2008DIN01-050 which gives guidance on working times and rest periods. The procedures for granting extensions or exceptions to these limitations should also be defined in DH policy and orders. c. Have orders which define the maximum flying times, cockpit alerts, standby duties and compulsory rest periods for aircrew, within the limits of NATO Standardization Agreement (STANAG) 3527 26 which gives guidance on aircrew flying times and rest periods. The procedures for granting extensions or exceptions to these limitations should also be defined in DH policy and orders. d. Use the guidance material within the RAF Manual of Flight Safety (AP3207) when formulating their fatigue management policies. e. Ensure their commanders escalate deviations from current fatigue management policies where there is increased potential for a fatigue-related error to occur. f. Ensure that their personnel are trained and fully understand their responsibilities relating to fatigue management. g. Ensure that there is a clear and unambiguous ownership of fatigue management when personnel are deployed on operations. Guidance Material 4. The full scope of the RAF FRMS is detailed within the RAF Manual of Flight Safety (AP3207), Section 200, FS200.165. 5. DHs have a responsibility to create a working environment that minimizes fatigue-related risks. Personnel have a legal and moral requirement to ensure they are fit for duty. 6. DHs and supervisors at all levels may impose more stringent fatigue exposure limits than those already published in the interest of Air Safety. 7. Assessment of fatigue is subjective; therefore, personnel must accept their share of responsibility in the avoidance of fatigue. Consequently, prior to their next planned duty cycle, individuals should make full use of opportunities to rest and conduct off-duty activities accordingly. 26 STANAG 3527 – NATO Aircrew Fatigue Management. Edition 3 29 Change 0 SECTION 1 – POLICY 1.6- FLIGHT DATA MONTORING (FDM) To be issued Edition 3 30 Change 0 SECTION 2 – RISK MANAGEMENT 2.1 RISK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OVERVIEW Rationale RA 1020. RA 1020 (Roles and Responsibilities: Duty Holder (DH) and DH-Facing Organizations) requires DHs to ‘manage Air Safety via an effective ASMS to mitigate associated Risks to Life (RtL) to at least Tolerable and ALARP.’ and places Air Safety management requirements on DH-Facing Organizations. RA 1210. RA 1210 (Management of Operating Risk (Risk to Life)), requires DHs to use the MAA’s standardized Risk Register, Hazard Risk Matrix and referral /escalation protocols in managing RtL. RA 1400. RA 1400 (Flight Safety Fundamentals) requires Aviation Duty Holders to implement a coherent ASMS, a key element of which is Risk Management (RM). To ensure the RAF continues to deliver precise Air Power effects, it must understand the risks it faces and take relevant management action to maintain the balance between risk and operational output, thereby remaining ‘safe’. Activities undertaken by the RAF inherently expose hazards that create the possibility of incidents and accidents occurring. The intelligent management of these hazards will maximize the delivery of operational outputs, within an environment of risk, primarily by reducing the potential for incidents and accidents to occur. It is impossible to eliminate safety risk from RAF activities and it would be all too easy to become ‘risk averse’. Directive 1. DHs shall comply with the RM Regulations, AMC and guidance 27. 2. DHs shall communicate their Air Safety ‘Risk Appetite’ 28 within their subsidiary ASMPs. 3. DHs shall consider the Air System related RtL of all the organizations that deliver to them in respect of that Air System. They shall challenge formally, if necessary, any option or measure that is proposed or implemented by DH-Facing Organizations that may result in activity not assured to be both Tolerable and ALARP 29. 4. DHs shall establish and maintain links with commanders to whom they provide Air System(s) and personnel for use in operational contexts. 5. Aviation DHs and commanders shall ensure that they operate an Aviation Error Management System (AEMS) in accordance with AP 3207 Order 200.102 30 by Apr 15 (the end of the MAA’s DAEMS project). 6. DH-Facing Organizations within the RAF shall manage risks in accordance with RA1020(4) 31, by establishing Air Safety management arrangements that interface with the DH’s ASMS. Furthermore, they shall communicate relevant hazard information to DHs where their organization owes a legal duty of care. 27 28 RA 1020 (Roles and Responsibilities), RA 1210 (Management of Operating Risk to Life), and RA1400 (Flight Safety Fundamentals). ‘Risk Appetite’ is defined in the Treasury’s ‘Orange Book’ as, ‘the amount of risk that is judged to be tolerable and justifiable’. Edition 3 31 Change 0 Acceptable Means of Compliance 7. Should there be any discrepancy between MRP Regulation, AMC or guidance and policy in this AP or AP3207 (RAF Manual of Flight Safety), the guidance in the MRP should be followed. 8. When communicating their Air Safety ‘Risk Appetite’ DHs should use the defaults for DH Air Safety risk ownership within RA 1210 Annex C 32, and the limits on aggregate RtL as contained within RA1210 Annex A 33. DHs may wish to provide additional guidance on the levels of acceptable risk, for example by insisting on reduced levels of acceptability depending on the value of activity being undertaken. 9. DH-Facing Organizations within the RAF should ensure their risk management systems comply with relevant Defence policy. For example, Air BM should comply with ESARR regulations 34. 10. As a minimum, DH-Facing Organizations should inform DHs of their assessment of Air Safety hazards their organization manages on behalf of DHs, and of emerging issues that may increase RtL owned by that DH beyond any agreed level. Guidance Material 11. Whilst DH-Facing Organizations may influence the degree of RtL owned by Aviation DHs they do not own that RtL. They may still assess their risks in terms of RtL as a means of prioritising safety activity within their AoR, and they should utilize DH SMEs where possible to inform that assessment. However, care should be taken not to report risks externally in the MAA format where there is any chance of confusion with DH-assessed and owned RtL. 12. DH-Facing Organizations may base their risk management processes on objectives such as the delivery of a ‘safe’ service and the maintenance of agreed standards or levels of service. It would be useful to define trigger points at which DH’s would be informed and to agree the communication method. 13. The RAF’s Air Safety RM Framework, the principles of which are applicable to any RM process, is structured as follows: a. b. c. d. e. Hazard Identification & Analysis. Risk Assessment. Risk Reduction. Risk Monitoring & Review. Risk Reporting & Communication. 29 30 31 32 33 34 RA 1020 (Roles and Responsibilities), para 1.c. |To be issued. RA 1020(4) (Responsibilities of DH-Facing Organizations), AMC. RA 1210 (Management of Operating Risk to Life), Annex C (DH Risk Ownership and Referral). RA 1210 (Management of Operating Risk to Life), Annex A (Risk Boundaries and Risk Management). For example, for Air BM formations, ESARR 4 (Risk Assessment and Mitigation in ATM 2001) is the Regulatory reference and the BM SMS provides the detailed processed for RM. Edition 3 32 Change 0 Hazard Identification /Analysis Risk Monitoring and Review Risk Management Risk Assessment Risk Reduction Fig 7 - RAF Risk Management 14. Sub-sections 2.1.1 to 2.1.5, of this AP, provide further directives, acceptable means of compliance and guidance concerning the individual sections of the RAF’s Air Safety RM Framework, as highlighted above. 15. Clear understanding of what may be impacted by a hazard is necessary. Generically, risk can be qualified in many ways, including (but not limited to) RtL, risk to reputation, risk to capability, risk to operations, risk to finance, risk to equipment. In Air Safety terms, RtL is the main consideration, although this generally encompasses a degree of risk of damage to equipment as a secondary consideration. 16. Def Stan 00-56 35 states that the primary aim of RM is to ensure and demonstrate that all risks have been reduced to a level that is broadly acceptable and ALARP or, if this is not reasonably practicable, to a level that is at least tolerable and ALARP. RM should not be treated as a one-off, but as an everpresent component of all safety work. It is a structured and systematic process for the identification of hazards and the assessment of the risk associated with each hazard, or group of hazards, and the application of appropriate levels of control. It provides a basis for the acceptance of certain levels of risk and their overall management. JSP 815 36 states RM principles of: common policies/standards; clear delegation of authority; defined ownership and transparency of risk; an auditable decision trail; appropriate monitoring/audit/inspection; and proportionate RM and control measures in accordance with recognized standards (citing Def Stan 00-56 as that standard). 17. Useful guidance on RM is available at the following references: a. Def Stan 00-56 (Safety Management Requirements for Defence Systems), Part 1 Issue 4 and Part 3 Interim Issue 1 for Air Systems. Def Stan 00-56 (Safety Management Requirements for Defence Systems), Part 1 Issue 4, and Part 3 Interim Issue 1 for Air Systems, are the recognised MoD standards for Safety Management and Air Safety Management respectively. 36 35 JSP 815 (Defence Environment and Safety Management) dated 2009. Edition 3 33 Change 0 b. JSP 815 (Defence Environment and Safety Management) dated 2009. ICAO Doc 9859 AN/474 (Safety Management Manual) 2nd Edition c. 2009. d. Her Majesty's Treasury - 'The Orange Book' (Management of Risk – Principles and Concepts) dated Oct 2004. e. JSP 892 (Risk Management). Health & Safety Executive - Reducing Risks Protecting People (HSE's f. Decision-Making Process) dated 2001. g. h. i. ESARR 4 (Risk Assessment and Mitigation in ATM) 2001. JSP 375 Vol 2 (Health and Safety Reporting). MAA Manual of Air Safety. Edition 3 34 Change 0 SECTION 2 – RISK MANAGEMENT 2.2 HAZARD IDENTIFICATION & ANALYSIS Rationale RA 1205(1). RA 1205(1) (Air System Safety Cases) requires ODHs to own the Air System Safety Case (SC) and defines this SC as: ‘an up to date, through-life body of evidence that presents a coherent argument that demonstrates that all credible RtL associated with an Air System have been identified, assessed and mitigated satisfactorily.’ RA 1210(2)(3). RA 1210(2)(3) (Risk Ownership and Management) details hazard identification principles. A variety of mechanisms exist to identify hazards that could be detrimental to the achievement of objectives and outputs. There must be a clear description of what the hazard is and its potential threat to the desired objectives and outputs. In Air Safety terms this means harm to personnel. RtL recommendations from investigations, information captured into risk registers and the output from assurance activities are examples of risk information that must be carefully documented and continuously analysed. This is not a discrete phase, but demonstrates the need for the continual improvement. Directive 1. DHs shall: a. Make every effort to identify all hazards associated with operating their Air System(s). b. Engage their Continuous Airworthiness Maintenance Organizations (CAMO) to assist with the identification of airworthiness related hazards. c. Ensure that all identified hazards, with associated assessed risks, are recorded in a Risk Register. d. Ensure that Hazard data/information is subjected to thorough analysis and regular review. Acceptable Means of Compliance 2. DHs should use, as a minimum, the following tools to identify hazards associated with operating their Air System(s): a. Occurrence Reports. This includes reporting from external organizations, including civilian aviation. Hazard reporting is detailed in Section 4.6 of this AP and in AP3207 37. b. Minutes & Audit Reports. The output from safety meetings at all levels and from audits are a valuable source of information on potential hazards. c. Unit Personnel. Experienced personnel often have knowledge of 37 RAF Manual of Flight Safety, Section 200 (Occurrence Reporting and Investigations). Edition 3 35 Change 0 current hazards of which the wider organization may be unaware. This knowledge can be captured through activities such as brainstorming, interviews, safety surveys and focus groups. d. External Guidance. Senior-level organizations may offer direction regarding risks otherwise unseen to those at a lower level. e. Extant Guidance. Current orders and instructions are a good source of hazard information. f. Databases. Tracking previous hazards may allow the prediction of future hazards and, as such, databases of incidents become a valuable source of information. g. Incident/Accident Investigations. The output from any investigation can provide information on an already-known hazard, identify a new hazard, or raise a potential hazard. h. Synthetic Training Media. Hazards identified through the use of synthetic training media should be considered for their applicability to live flying. For example, observations that crews miss checks of their undercarriage during simulator missions may inform DHs as to the validity of their ‘gear down check’ mitigations. i. Serious Fault Signal (SFS). SFSs are raised whenever a fault is discovered that could adversely affect the Airworthiness of aircraft or equipment. 3. Whatever the source of hazard information, it should be subjected to thorough analysis, to understand the context of the hazard and all possible associated outcomes. This will allow a complete risk assessment and subsequent effective risk reduction to take place. This is not a discrete phase and analysis should be completed at all stages of the Risk Management process. 4. Information on all identified hazards should be shared with other organizations. This should be both up and down the chain of command and also laterally between peer organizations; ie the HQ Air Command Gps. As a minimum, identified trends should be highlighted to RAF FS or HQ Air Command Eng Airworthiness Team for wider publicity. Guidance Material 5. A hazard is a source of potential harm or a situation with a potential to cause loss. Effective hazard identification forms the foundation of the Risk Management process and may be conducted proactively or reactively. If a hazard is not identified it cannot be controlled. 6. ICAO’s Safety Management Manual 38 states that analysis is the process of organising facts using specific methods, tools or techniques. Among other purposes, it may be used to: a. b. c. Ascertain factors underlying safety deficiencies. Assist in deciding what additional facts are needed. Assist in reaching valid conclusions. 38 ICAO Doc 9859 AN/474 (Safety Management Manual) 2nd Edition 2009. Edition 3 36 Change 0 SECTION 2 – RISK MANAGEMENT 2.3 Rationale RISK ASSESSMENT & REGISTRATION RA 1210(2)(3). RA 1210(2)(3) (Risk Ownership and Management) contains guidance on risk assessment. RA 1210, Annex A. RA 1210, Annex A, Para 3.a (Assessment of Hazards) provides guidance on assessment of hazards. RA 1210, Annex B. RA 1210, AMC, requires compliance with Annex B (Risk Register and Review Process). RA 1210, Annex D. RA 1210, AMC, requires compliance with Annex D (Defence Aviation Hazard Risk Matrix) which provides criteria for comparing single risks. Identified hazards must be assessed in terms of the severity of likely impact on objectives/outputs, which, in Air Safety contexts, means harm to persons, and the likelihood of that harm occurring. This is translated into an indication of the relative importance of the risk to enable consistent comparison and prioritization of effort to mitigate risk. Directive 1. Once a hazard has been identified, the DH shall determine the safety risk that the hazard represents to the organization. 2. Risk Assessment shall be completed both prior to and following the application of risk reduction/mitigation measures. 3. When determining risk, DHs shall use, as a minimum, the MAA-provided Hazard Risk Matrix (HRM). 39 4. DHs shall ensure that all risks are suitably documented and regularly analysed. 5. DHs shall use, as a minimum, the MAA-mandated Risk Register (RR) to document all risks. 40 6. 7. DHs shall maintain their RR and conduct regular reviews. DHs shall clearly distinguish between current and future risks on their RR. 8. DHs shall adopt effective safeguards to ensure their RR and associated evidence is protected from loss, corruption and/or unauthorized editing. 9. DH-Facing Organizations shall assess and manage safety hazards within their AoR. 39 40 RA 1210 (Management of Operating Risk (RtL)), Annex D (Defence Aviation Hazard Risk Matrix). RA 1210 (Management of Operating Risk (RtL)), Annex B (Risk Register and Review). Edition 3 37 Change 0 Acceptable Means of Compliance 10. As a minimum, DH-Facing Organizations’ assessment of the hazards their organization manage for DHs should be communicated to those DHs. A DH-Facing Organization’s assessment of an Air Safety risk should not be compared directly to the Air Safety risks articulated by DHs, as only Aviation DHs can validate platform risks. Hence, whilst for example, PTs or ATS providers may assess equipment and air traffic risks respectively, and their assessments are valid in the context of the SMS for managing hazards in those areas, the actual assessments are not directly comparable. 11. Once a hazard has been identified, it is necessary for the DH to determine the risk that the hazard represents to the organization. The risk associated with a given hazard is considered in terms of likelihood and severity and should be considered for the ‘worst credible’ situation and other more likely outcomes, given that potential outcomes are subject to uncertainty. 12. The RR should be used to document: the hazard, the risk assessment made on the hazard and the mitigation that has been put in place to reduce the risk to ALARP. The RR must identify who is accountable for the risk in order to formalize responsibility for RM. 13. DHs should consider their use of unique numbering in their risk register when it informs a superior DH. Use of a platform identifier and a number may not be sufficient if more than one DH has the same platform. DHs should consider directing unique numbering guidelines for subordinate DHs. In line with RA1210, Annex C, the SDH will have elevated automatically to him all risks categorized as ‘Very High.’ The SDH will review ’top risks’ held by an ODH on a periodic basis. 41 Guidance Material 14. RAF DHs assessing Air Safety platform risks shall use the MRP format as a minimum, but may add additional columns/rows as required. However, when communicating the HRM/RR with higher command and other organizations, the RA mandated elements should be clearly distinguishable. 15. The majority of Air Safety risks at platform level reside in the IMPROBABLE likelihood and the CRITICAL or CATASTROPHIC severity areas. RAF DHs may subdivide the MAA HRM if required to improve granularity when comparing risks. For example, the IMPROBABLE box might be subdivided to consider likelihoods of 1 in 100, 1 in 1000 years etc. The CATASTROPHIC box might also be subdivided to consider outcomes where 3-7, 7-50 and 50 plus fatalities. The 50 plus category would coincide with the HSE defined criteria for a ‘societal concern’ when associated with a likelihood of less than once every 5000 years. When combined with known ‘populations at risk’, these estimates may be used to estimate Tolerability of aggregate platform risk as required by the MAA. 16. While a single risk is easy to assess in relative terms, aggregated risks are more difficult, but still must be assessed. RAF FS has devised a Defence Air Accident Taxonomy (DAAT), which can be used to produce a complete range of risks for a platform by considering all the potential accident outcomes. 17. The use of a RR allows easier prioritization of RM effort; it is a measure to compare risks from each fleet within a DH's AoR to allocate resources accordingly. The use of a Common RR provides better peer organization interaction and allows a higher-level organization the ability to more easily compare subordinate priorities. 18. A RR allows a single record to be made for a hazard, but requires regular review and reporting. This is best achieved by a consistent approach to constructing the RR. Constructing risks according to the DAAT is one method to 41 Routinely through the ASGWG and ASGB meetings. Edition 3 38 Change 0 achieve this. It may still be useful to consider single risks that are assessments of outcomes associated with specific activity, causes or mitigation failures, although this may make for a long and unwieldy RR and is discouraged by RA 1210. 42 Where possible, these may be linked to DAAT outcomes to assist in assessing aggregate risk. A simpler RR process may be achieved by detailing consideration of relevant causes and mitigation failures in the ALARP statements. The common error of using the likelihood of a cause or other intermediate element of an accident sequence materializing, rather than considering the likelihood of the outcome under consideration, should be avoided when calculating a risk. 19. RA 1210 43 encourages the consideration of more than just the ‘worst credible’ outcome. Thus, where highly unlikely third-party considerations mask more probable first or second-party issues, these can be considered separately. For example, the likelihood of Hawk engine failure resulting in the death of a third-party on the ground is credible; it could happen. A major injury for the crew resulting from the ejection is very likely but this is not the ‘worst credible’ outcome. However, extracting the third-party risk as a separate entry frees the risk assessor to consider the less severe outcomes and possibly manage them at a lower level without losing the third-party risk. The third-party risks resulting from many hazards may be aggregated at DDH, ODH or SDH level. It may be possible to aggregate many MEDIUM risks (IMPROBABLE/CATASTROPHIC) into a single MEDIUM risk through analysis of historic data. For example, if there have been X civilian deaths over Y years and Z thousand hours of military flying, it may be reasonable to make a tolerability argument for third-party risk for all military flying. Using a Risk of Death (RoD) per Population at Risk measure requires a ‘population at risk’ figure. Arguably, the third-party risk from all military aviation through crashes is borne by the whole population so the calculation of 1 in 10 000 for Tolerable, and 1 in 1 000 000 for broadly acceptable can be demonstrated. Extant regulations that limit more hazardous activities to sparsely populated areas are essential in containing this risk and may be considered as ‘best practice’ for any ALARP assessments. Further work is ongoing by RAF FS to provide guidance on consideration of third-party risks. 20. A DH having Air Safety responsibility will also have AOA operational responsibilities. As such, a DH is likely to hold a number of risk registers for operational, financial and equipment risk for example. In the matter of Air Safety, the SDH is concerned only with an ODH's Air Safety RR. 21. ‘Top Risks’ are those risks held by a DH that he considers worthy of exposure but not referral to his superior DH. 42 43 RA 1210 Annex B (Risk Register and Review), Para 1. RA 1210, Annex D (Defence Aviation Hazard Risk Matrix), Para 2 and Note 8. Edition 3 39 Change 0 SECTION 2 – RISK MANAGEMENT 2.4 RISK REDUCTION, MITIGATION & REFERRAL Rationale RA 1210(2)(3). RA 1210(2)(3) (Risk Ownership and Management), AMC, requires that ‘people should only be exposed to harm where some defined benefit is expected and where risks are adequately controlled.’ RA 1210(2)(3). RA 1210(2)(3), Para 9.d (Risk Reduction) provides guidance. RA 1210, Annex A. RA 1210, Annex A, Para 3.a-b (Risk Management Process) provides further guidance on mitigation of risk. RA 1210, Annex C. RA 1210, AMC, requires compliance with Annex C (DH Risk Ownership and Referral), which details risk referral criteria. For the effective management of risk, an owner must be identified who has the authority to determine the degree of mitigation they wish to apply to ensure the tolerability of the risk. Where required, additional mitigation measures must be implemented by the owner and the degree of residual risk evaluated. Any mitigation should be monitored for effectiveness and managed to inform future decision making and, if appropriate, initiate changes and communicate lessons identified. Directive 1. DHs shall take action once a risk that is associated to an identifiable hazard has been registered. 2. If a DH cannot reduce the risk of an occurrence to tolerable and ALARP, they shall cease the activity associated with the risk and refer it to their superior DH for consideration. 3. DHs shall utilize the risk referral process outlined in RA 1210, Annex C, (DH Risk Ownership and Referral). 4. DHs shall address legacy Air Safety investigation recommendations within their AoR. 5. DH shall ensure that all Air Safety risks within their AoR are demonstrably Tolerable and ALARP 44 6. DHs, and DH-Facing Organizations shall highlight, within their subsidiary ASMPs, the mechanism(s) employed to facilitate risk escalation through superior/peer/subordinate risk register. Acceptable Means of Compliance 7. DHs should, as a minimum, utilize the SAPPHIRE methodology, as detailed in JSP 892 45, when reducing/mitigating risk. 8. Due regard for human fallibility should be taken whichever type of risk 44 45 RA 1020(4) (Responsibilities of DH-Facing Organizations) JSP 892 (Risk Management). Edition 3 40 Change 0 reduction strategy is implemented and the effect on the system should be carefully considered and monitored. 9. If risk reduction is being sought through the procurement of new equipment or improved capability, this should be clearly articulated in any evidence used to support the case. Guidance Material 10. The SAPPHIRE methodology 46 for responding to risk contains the ‘5 Ts’: a. Terminate the activity if there is unacceptable risk that cannot be further reduced – only in exceptional cases would a DH sign off such risk after consultation with the MAA. b. Transfer (escalate) the risk, which is a good option for financial risks by using insurance. c. d. Treat the risk to reduce at least tolerable and ALARP. Tolerate the risk if it is tolerable without any action. e. Take the opportunity if additional benefit can be derived from tolerating, treating or transferring. 11. Activities to 'treat' a risk can be preventive, corrective, directive or detective controls. To treat/reduce a risk the following precedence should be considered (with usual decreasing effectiveness, but usual decreasing financial and time penalty). These may also be considered using ERIC PD, standing for: Eliminate; Reduce; Isolate; Contain; Procedures; and Discipline and may also be summarized as follows: a. Design/Engineering Solution. These normally incorporate the ERIC elements of ERIC PD and involve the designing out of the hazard to varying degrees. b. Procedural Change. Procedures are less effective at reducing risk but are essential where hazards cannot be designed out. c. Human Factors. Discipline and training of the human element of the Air System is the primary but most fallible means of controlling residual risks. 12. Treating a risk is acting to ensure the risk is reduced to tolerable and ALARP. Tolerable is defined in Def Stan 00-56 47 as: “A level of risk between broadly acceptable and unacceptable that may be tolerated when it has been demonstrated to be ALARP” 13. The output from risk assessment must be compared against tolerability criteria to determine whether a risk is unacceptable, tolerable or broadly acceptable. ALARP assessment is separate. Risks that are unacceptable require reduction irrespective of whether they are ALARP. Risks in the tolerable region must be reduced and demonstrated as ALARP. Risks that are broadly acceptable must be ALARP, but do not require an ALARP statement. Quantitative tolerability criteria are defined in RA1210 48 Annex A in terms of the aggregate Risk of Death 46 47 48 Ibid. Def Stan 00-56 (Safety Management Requirements for Defence Systems), Part 1 Issue 4, and Part 3 Interim Issue 1 for Air Systems RA 1210 (Management of Operating Risk (RtL). Edition 3 41 Change 0 per Annum posed by a platform to the population at risk. Further clarification has being sought from the MAA in the application of its tolerability boundaries to single risks. In the absence of any further guidance the following is to be considered for the RAF’s Air Safety management: a. Tolerability for Single Risks. Using the aggregate tolerability criteria for single risks provides a coarse indication of whether the platform’s tolerability criteria will be exceeded. However, there may be several single risks that are just tolerable, which when combined cause the aggregate tolerability level to be exceeded. Hence, tolerability for single risks should be a judgement as to whether the activity associated with the risk is outweighed by the benefit gained. Another interpretation of tolerability for single risks is the DH Risk Ownership Levels described in Annex D to RA1210. This interpretation is in addition to the risk/benefit decision. b. Tolerability for Activities. Where an activity is assessed in toto, the benefit should again outweigh the aggregation of the associated single risks. Another method is to consider the risk exposure of a single hypothetical individual 49 who does nothing other than the activity under consideration for a whole year (at a realistic rate). c. Platform Tolerability. This is described fully in RA 1210 Annex A. Operation of the platform as a whole must not present an intolerable risk to any of the populations at risk, ie first, second and third parties 50. 14. RA1210 Annex D describes classification of risks on the Hazard Risk Matrix (HRM). The HRM is calibrated to consider worst credible situation but it may be necessary to consider other more likely outcomes in order fully to understand a risk. For example, the worst credible outcome may be a single third-party death but this only occurs every 100 years giving an assessment of MEDIUM. However, an outcome of 2 first-party deaths occurs every year, which whilst not the worst credible outcome, gives an assessment of HIGH. Mitigations should also consider all potential outcomes when assessing if a risk is ALARP. Mitigating the third-party risk in the example above and forgetting to mitigate fully the first-party risk would be an error. 15. Effective mitigation reduces risk by either reducing the severity of an occurrence or by reducing the likelihood of it happening. DH may have several ‘levers’ through which to achieve risk reduction. For example, they may be able to adjust training syllabi or limit exposure to the hazard by restricting certain activity. Health & Safety Executive - Reducing Risks Protecting People (HSE's Decision-Making Process) dated 2001 considers this concept to avoid a DH ‘spreading’ a risk around numerous personnel to make the risk appear tolerable. 50 49 Defined at RA 1210 (Management of Operating Risk (RtL)), Annex A, note 5 Edition 3 42 Change 0 SECTION 2 – RISK MANAGEMENT 2.5 RISK MONITORING & REVIEW Rationale RA 1210(2). RA 1210(2) (Risk Ownership and Management), Para 9.e, requires DH to routinely monitor identified risks and mitigations. RA 1400(2). RA 1400(2) (Foreign Object Debris (FOD) Damage Prevention) requires DHs and commanders to produce orders, guidance and manuals to detail local FOD Prevention organization and arrangements following the principles in the RA. RA 2306(1). RA 2306(1) (Authorization of Flights) requires authorizers to apply aircrew fatigue management. RA 2345(1). RA 2345(1) (Aircrew Fatigue Management) requires Aviation DHs and commanders to define fatigue management limitations within the bounds of STANAG 3527 (Aircrew Fatigue Management) 51. RM is a continuous process. When risk reduction measures have been used they should be monitored for effectiveness. Such measures, even if effective, may have introduced new, unforeseen hazards. Through monitoring and review RM validates its effectiveness and maintains a proactive stance to hazard identification. Monitoring and review can assure the overall RM strategy, the management of risks and controls, and the adequacy of the review process itself. Long established risks such as that presented by FOD are managed through well established FOD Prevention policies and processes. These processes require regular attention to ensure they remain effective. Fatigue is a well recognised threat to Air Safety and needs to be managed to control RtL. Directive 1. DHs shall conduct regular/periodic reviews of their overall/end-to-end Risk Management process. The review process shall: a. Ensure that all aspects of the RM process are reviewed. b. Ensure the risks themselves are subjected to review with appropriate frequency by SQEP. c. Make provision for alerting the appropriate authority (DH or DH-facing organization) to new hazards or changes in current hazards/risks. 2. DHs shall ensure that a review of potential hazards associated with air system activity is undertaken both regularly and in the following situations: a. Where a significant change occurs to the organization, equipment or procedures. 51 STANAG 3527 (Aircrew Fatigue Management) Edition 3 43 Change 0 b. c. When a regulation changes or a new regulation is being introduced. Where no regulation currently exists to cover a particular activity. d. Where it is considered that a credible risk to personnel or equipment safety, that has not previously been assessed, might exist. e. Where an activity or event might raise societal concerns, eg activities close to built-up areas or involving risks to minors. f. g. Where mandated for specific activities, eg flying displays. When there is a rapid turnover of personnel. 3. DHs and commanders shall comply with RA 1400(2) (FOD Prevention) and supplementary RAF policy contained AP 3207 Sect 200 (RAF FOD Policy) to ensure that FOD is adequately controlled. 4. DHs and commanders shall comply with RA 2345(1) (Aircrew Fatigue Management) and AP 3207 Sect 200.165 (RAF Fatigue Management Policy). Acceptable Means of Compliance 5. Organizational change management should be conducted in accordance with JSP 375 Vol2 (Health and Safety Reporting), Leaflet 58 (Managing Safety and Organizational Change) 52 with due consideration of Air Safety. 6. Where Air operators plan activity that is outside of normal operations, a risk assessment should be conducted to ensure that the activity is tolerable and ALARP. Where activity is to be changed over the long term, the overall platform risks should be reviewed and amended as required. 7. Regular monitoring and review should be established and this should assess risk reduction effectiveness and consider whether measures to effect risk reduction have become degraded, whether they should be modified, or whether they are still required. It should also form another method of hazard identification in case the reduction measures have created an unforeseen hazard. Guidance Material 8. ‘Normal’ operations shall be those that have been considered within the current Risk Register for that platform. This includes, but is not limited to, changes that affect the platform’s Statement of Operating Intent and Usage (SOIU). 9. As with all RM activities, risk and ALARP assessment is an iterative process. Regular review of the Risk Register may also be utilized as an assurance mechanism. 52 JSP 375 Vol 2 (Health and Safety Reporting), Leaflet 58 (Managing Safety and Organizational Change). Edition 3 44 Change 0 SECTION 2 – RISK MANAGEMENT CTION 2 – RISK MANAGEMENT 2.6 RISK & HAZARD REPORTING, COMMUNICATION & INVESTIGATION Rationale RA 1210(1). RA 1210(1) (Standardized Approach to Risk), AMC, requires that the Annexes to RA 1210 should be used in the referral/escalation of risks. RA 1400(1). RA 1400(1) (Defence Air Safety Management), AMC, Para 1, requires that, ‘[the RAF’s] ASMS should address...reporting and investigation of occurrences...’ RA 1400(2). RA1400(2) (Foreign Object Debris Damage Prevention) requires Aviation Duty Holders, Commanders and Accountable Managers to produce subordinate orders, guidance and operating manuals to detail local Foreign Object Debris (FOD) prevention organization and arrangements. RA 1410. RA 1410 (Occurrence Reporting), AMC, requires that ‘Aviation Duty Holders and Commanders should ensure that all accidents, incidents and reportable Air Safety occurrences are reported in accordance with the guidance in the RA.’ Data integrity is essential to safety management. Reporting and communication are important throughout the process. Reporting of occurrences and/or observations is a valuable source of understanding existing or potential hazards. Assessed risks also need to be reported through the DH system. Communication throughout an organization allows increased awareness and maximizes efficiency of RM. Communication across organizations (eg between different DHs) increases knowledge and may aid hazard identification. Directive 1. DHs shall encourage reporting within their AOR and ensure that all incident and hazard reporting is conducted through ASIMS in accordance with RA1410 and the AP3207. 53 This includes the reporting of hazards identified through the use of synthetic training mediums. 2. Where access to ASIMS is limited, DHs shall ensure alternative arrangements for reporting are put in place to ensure reports are entered onto ASIMS as soon as reasonably practicable. 3. IFS shall be responsible for the management of the RAF’s occurrence reporting system for the operating aspects of Air Safety, including airworthiness issues that arise during the course of operating air systems. 4. Where Flight Safety incidents or accidents have an Airworthiness component, HQ Air Command’s Eng Airworthiness team shall support IFS in discharging his responsibilities. In particular, where required, the Airworthiness team shall provide management and oversight of Airworthiness related recommendations, which shall be recorded and tracked through ASIMS. Furthermore, the HQ Air Command Eng Airworthiness team shall be responsible for regulating, analysing and managing the RAF’s reporting of those Airworthiness 53 RAF Manual of Flight Safety, 200.105. Edition 3 45 Change 0 aspects of Air Safety hazard reporting that are not directly attributable to a Flight Safety incident or accident. The key elements of this are detailed in the guidance below. 5. DHs shall report risks, and elevate them where required, in accordance with RA 1210(1) (Standardized Approach to Risk). 6. Defence Confidential Occurrence Reporting System (DCORS). SO1 FS,on behalf of IFS, shall manage the RAF element of DCORS, details of which are at RA 1410(1) (Occurrence Reporting), Para 40-42. Whilst the RAF ASMP intends to operate within a culture conducive to open reporting, DCORS allows individuals to highlight concerns or occurrences anonymously. 7. Fatigue. Fatigue is recognized as a high risk. At all levels in the RAF, where fatigue is considered a factor in an incident, this shall be highlighted in the ASIMS report. 8. Foreign Object Debris (FOD). FOD ‘finds’ should be reported and analysed in accordance with AP 3207 54 in order that any trends may be identified. Stn and Gp Flight Safety staff should monitor and act accordingly on any trends in FOD occurrences. Where damage can be attributed to FOD, this shall be reported using ASIMS. Occurrences involving FOD or loose articles either in or on aircraft shall be reported even if no damage results. Other FOD ‘finds’ should also be reported in accordance with local procedures and analysed in order that any trends may be identified. 9. Air Safety Investigations. Air Safety Occurrence Reports shall be investigated in accordance with RA 1410(1) (Occurrence Reporting), Paras 21-35. 10. Recommendations. Recommendations from investigations shall be recorded, actioned and tracked in ASIMS in accordance with RA 1410(1), Paras 36-38. 11. Airprox/ATC Occurrences/ACC Incident Reports. Airprox event, ATC occurrences and ACC incidents are to be reported and investigated in accordance with RA 1410(1), Paras 43-70. Acceptable Means of Compliance 12. Investigations. DHs should conduct all Non-Statutory Investigation (NSI) of Air Safety occurrences in accordance with AP 3207 (RAF Manual of Flight Safety), 200.110 and 120. 13. Recommendations. Recommendations requiring the attention of the SDH should be assigned to the SDH role group within ASIMS for action. 14. A successful reporting system is one that maintains simplicity whilst capturing the key elements that can assist in identifying and mitigating future hazards. DHs should avoid tailoring the system to specific local needs at the expense of commonality and simplicity. Guidance Material 15. The cultural aspects of the RAF’s Air Safety environment are critical if this type of reporting is to be productive. Personnel should feel confident that they operate within a Just Culture where the reporting of honest mistakes or ‘closeshaves’ will be supported and not penalized. 16. 54 A guide to reportable Air Safety occurrences is contained at Annex C to RA RAF Manual of Flight Safety, Section 200.155 (RAF FOD Policy). Edition 3 46 Change 0 1410 (Occurrence Reporting). 17. Effective communication is another quality that must be generated throughout the process. Some of the communication is directed formally; an example is a Risk Register, where risk information is catalogued and from which other organizations can gain information. Some communication relies on an organization being proactive through interaction with superior, peer and subordinate levels, which will increase corporate knowledge and may proactively identify potential hazards and risks to other organizations. 18. Other Data Sources. New aircraft systems may have Flight Data Monitoring (FDM) and Electronic Flight Data Analysis (EFDA) systems that can aid investigations and provide a wealth of low severity occurrence data. Air Command policy on FDM and EFDA will be issued in due course. 19. HQ Air Command Eng Airworthiness team has responsibility for regulating, analysing and managing the RAF’s reporting of those Airworthiness aspects of Air Safety hazard reporting that are not directly attributable to a Flight Safety incident or accident. This is discharged through the following means: a. Serious Fault Signal (SFS). SFSs are raised whenever a fault is discovered that could adversely affect the Airworthiness of aircraft or equipment. To ensure all appropriate organizations are made aware of the hazard at the earliest opportunity, the SFS is dispatched as soon as practicable and followed up with a MOD Form 760 (Narrative Fault Report). b. Fault Reporting. FAA Home Regulations & Policies Handbooks & Manuals. Airworthiness Directives Manual: 2010. FAA Registry Aircraft Inquiry; FAA Safety Team; Flight Delay. Vienna symphonic library complete gigastudio rar. Logowanie. Vienna Symphonic Library - Complete [GigaStudio][RAR]. HE2 Epic Horns Manual.pdf.HE2 Epic Horns Manual.pdf 0 MB; French Oboe; HE French Oboe Giga3 artfiles.pdf 0 MB; Overdrive; HE Overdrive Giga3 artfiles.pdf 0 MB; HE Overdrive Manual-long.pdf 0 MB;. VSL Complete Now at the tips of your fingers is the most versatile horn section in the world, MOJO: Horn Section, which offers the most flexible and innovative approach to pop.
Need to fix your MS10500 10' Compound Miter Saw? We have parts, diagrams, accessories and repair advice to make your tool repairs easy. Why I’d Buy A 10″ Miter Saw Instead Of A 12″ It's a perennially popular debate: With all of the great sliding compound miter saws out there these days, is there any point in owning a radial arm saw?
I purchased my DeWalt 12″ miter saw about 10 years ago, and I wouldn’t make the same choice today — I almost certainly would buy a sliding miter saw instead. Back then the choice of sliding miter saws was limited, and they were very expensive. As the title suggests, the other thing I’d do differently is choose a 10″ over a 12″ saw. It’s not that my DeWalt 12″ it isn’t a good saw; it’s just that I chose it based on a landscaping project I was planning that required cutting a bunch of 4x6s. Rather than trying to figure out my future needs, I weighed too heavily the fact that a 12″ saw could cut a 4×6 with a single cut. I haven’t cut another 4×6 since. I’ve learned a few things since then and have a few reasons for buying a 10″ saw. Maybe the type of projects you do require a bigger saw (building decks comes to mind), but for the average woodworker/DIYer, the following reasons might be something to consider. The table saw you own (or will own) probably uses 10″ blades. Chances are your local hardware store has a larger selection of 10″ blades to choose from. For the same number of teeth, 12″ blades usually cost more to sharpen and need more teeth than a 10″ blade to achieve the same cut quality. I don’t have any hard evidence, but physics dictates a 12″ blade should be easier to deflect and more likely to wobble than a 10″ blade. A good blade will cost you at least $40. While you’re not going to use a ripping blade on a miter saw, you’ll more than likely use a crosscut blade on your table saw. So when you’re starting out, you’ll only need to buy one good crosscut blade — rather than two different blades to supplement the ones that came with your saws. The savings will compound as find yourself collecting more blades. Another factor is sharpening cost: I recently brought a 10″ 60-tooth blade and a 12″ 60-tooth blade to be sharpened. The 10″ blade cost me $16 to get sharpened and the 12″ inch blade cost me $21. While it’s not a huge difference, it can become a factor if you need to sharpen them often. Clean your table saw with WD40 and scotch bright pad. Protect with paste wax. Hope this helps. Hi, Please tell me with all your experience, which is the best (most reliable, accurate, easy to use) miter saw. A basic model (with a small footprint), but needs to. |
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